Chitosan-PVA and Copper Nanoparticles Improve Growth and Overexpress the SOD and JA Genes in Tomato Plants under Salt Stress

Saline stress severely affects the growth and productivity of plants. The activation of hormonal signaling cascades and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to salt stress are important for cellular detoxification. Jasmonic acid (JA) and the enzyme SOD (superoxide dismutase), are well recognized markers of salt stress in plants. In this study, the application of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels (Cs-PVA) and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on the growth and expression of defense genes in tomato plants under salt stress was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that Cs-PVA and Cs-PVA + Cu NPs enhance plant growth and also promote the expression of JA and SOD genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), under salt stress. We propose that Cs-PVA and Cs-PVA + Cu NPs mitigate saline stress through the regulation of oxidative and ionic stress.

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Comparative Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Under Salt Stress and Recovery: Role of Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8090350 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 350 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Parvin ◽

Hasanuzzaman ◽

Bhuyan ◽

Nahar ◽

Mohsin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Post Stress

Salinity toxicity and the post-stress restorative process were examined to identify the salt tolerance mechanism in tomato, with a focus on the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Hydroponically grown 15 day-old tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pusa Ruby) were treated with 150 and 250 mM NaCl for 4 days and subsequently grown in nutrient solution for a further 2 days to observe the post-stress responses. Under saline conditions, plants showed osmotic stress responses that included low leaf relative water content and high proline content. Salinity induced oxidative stress by the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2•−) and methylglyoxal. Salinity also impaired the non-enzymatic and enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system. On the other hand, excessive Na+ uptake induced ionic stress which resulted in a lower content of other minerals (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), and a reduction in photosynthetic pigment synthesis and plant growth. After 2 days in the normal nutrient solution, the plants showed improvements in antioxidant and glyoxalase system activities, followed by improvements in plant growth, water balance, and chlorophyll synthesis. The antioxidant and glyoxalase systems worked in concert to scavenge toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Taken together, these findings indicate that tomato plants can tolerate salinity and show rapid post-stress recovery by enhancement of their antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems.

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Responses of Tomato Plants under Saline Stress to Foliar Application of Copper Nanoparticles

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8060151 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 151 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Fabián Pérez-Labrada ◽

Elsy Rubisela López-Vargas ◽

Hortensia Ortega-Ortiz ◽

Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego ◽

Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Copper Nanoparticles ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Absolute Control ◽

Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽

Tolerance To Salinity

The tomato crop has great economic and nutritional importance; however, it can be adversely affected by salt stress. The objective of this research is to quantify the agronomic and biochemical responses of tomato plants developed under salt stress with the foliar application of copper nanoparticles. Four treatments were evaluated: foliar application of copper nanoparticles (250 mg L−1) with or without salt stress (50 mM NaCl), salt stress, and an absolute control. Saline stress caused severe damage to the development of tomato plants; however, the damage was mitigated by the foliar application of copper nanoparticles, which increased performance and improved the Na+/K+ ratio. The content of Cu increased in the tissues of tomato plants under salinity with the application of Cu nanoparticles, which increased the phenols (16%) in the leaves and the content of vitamin C (80%), glutathione (GSH) (81%), and phenols (7.8%) in the fruit compared with the control. Similarly, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased in leaf tissue by 104%, 140%, 26%, 8%, and 93%, respectively. Foliar spraying of copper nanoparticles on tomatoes under salinity appears to induce stress tolerance to salinity by stimulating the plant’s antioxidant mechanisms.

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alleviates salt damage in tomato by modulating Na+ uptake, the GAD gene, amino acid synthesis and reactive oxygen species metabolism

10.21203/rs.3.rs-33418/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaolei Wu ◽

Qiuying Jia ◽

Shengxin Ji ◽

Binbin Gong ◽

Jingrui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Active Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Salt Damage ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Gad Activity

Abstract Background Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon nonprotein ogenic amino acid, is involved in plant abiotic stress resistance. Previous studies have reported that GABA acts as a signal substance or metabolic product by regulating cytoplasmic pH, polyamine biosynthesis and degradation, NO3− reduction and assimilation, and antioxidant responses in a variety of crops under various environmental stresses. The main purpose of our study was to explore the regulatory mechanism by which exogenous GABA enhances salt tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and its effects on the functions of key enzymes. Results Exogenous application of 5 mM GABA significantly reduced the salt damage index and increased the plant height, chlorophyll content and dry and fresh weights of tomato plants treated with 175 mM NaCl. GABA significantly reduced Na+ accumulation in leaves and roots by preventing Na+ influx in roots and transportation to leaves. Cloning of the sequences of four SlGAD genes revealed that SlGAD genes played an important role in enhancing the resistance of tomato plants to NaCl stress with GABA application. Among the SlGAD genes, SlGAD1 was the most sensitive and contributed the most to the increase in GAD activity under salt stress even if the SlGAD2 transcriptional expression was the prominent under normal conditions. GABA increased the GAD activity and amino acid contents in tomato leaves compared with the levels under salt stress alone, especially the levels of GABA and proline. In addition, GABA treatment significantly alleviated the active oxygen-related injury of seedlings under salt stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the contents of active oxygen species (O2∙ and H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Conclusion Our data revealed a positive effect of GABA on the resistance of tomato seedlings to salt stress, which was closely associated with GABA's effects on Na+ flux and transportation, the expression and activity of SlGADs, amino acid contents and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Exogenous GABA influences NaCl-treated tomato plants by reducing Na+ influx into root and inducing osmotic regulation and antioxidant reactions by increasing SlGAD1 expression and GAD activity, the contents of endogenous GABA and proline and antioxidant enzyme activity.

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Proteomic and genetic analysis of the response of S. cerevisiae to soluble copper leads to improvement of the antimicrobial function of cellulosic copper nanoparticles

Metallomics ◽

10.1039/c7mt00147a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1304-1315 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Xiaoqing Rong-Mullins ◽

Matthew J. Winans ◽

Justin B. Lee ◽

Zachery R. Lonergan ◽

Vincent A. Pilolli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Genetic Analysis ◽

Antimicrobial Agent ◽

Copper Nanoparticles ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Antimicrobial Function

Copper (Cu) was used in antiquity to prevent waterborne and food diseases because, as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, it generates reactive oxygen species, ROS.

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Salt stress-induced programmed cell death in tobacco protoplasts is mediated by reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition pore status

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jplph.2005.06.016 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 163 (7) ◽

pp. 731-739 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Jiusheng Lin ◽

Yuan Wang ◽

Genxuan Wang

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Cell Death ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore ◽

Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽

Permeability Transition Pore ◽

Permeability Transition ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Tobacco Protoplasts ◽

Mitochondrial Permeability

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Exogenous Tebuconazole and Trifloxystrobin Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism Toward Mitigating Salt-Induced Damages in Cucumber Seedling

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8100428 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 428 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sayed Mohsin ◽

Mirza Hasanuzzaman ◽

M. Bhuyan ◽

Khursheda Parvin ◽

Masayuki Fujita

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Cucumber Plant ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Exogenous Application ◽

Antioxidant Defense Systems

The present study investigated the role of tebuconazole (TEB) and trifloxystrobin (TRI) on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tokiwa) under salt stress (60 mM NaCl). The cucumber plants were grown semi-hydroponically in a glasshouse. Plants were exposed to two different doses of fungicides (1.375 µM TEB + 0.5 µM TRI and 2.75 µM TEB + 1.0 µM TRI) solely and in combination with NaCl (60 mM) for six days. The application of salt phenotypically deteriorated the cucumber plant growth that caused yellowing of the whole plant and significantly destructed the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The oxidative damage was created under salinity by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolytic leakage (EL) resulting in the disruption of the antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, in the leaves, stems, and roots of cucumber plants increased Na+ content was observed under salt stress, whereas the K+/Na+ ratio and contents of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ decreased. In contrast, the exogenous application of TEB and TRI reduced the contents of MDA, H2O2, and EL by improving the activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, ion homeostasis was regulated by reducing Na+ uptake and enhanced K+ accumulation and the K+/Na+ ratio after application of TEB and TRI. Therefore, this study indicates that the exogenous application of TEB and TRI enhanced salt tolerance in cucumber plants by regulating reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defense systems.

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The Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Rice Roots Plays an Important Role in the Salt Tolerance of Rice by Scavenging ROS

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19113347 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 3347 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yayun Wang ◽

Hui Zhao ◽

Hua Qin ◽

Zixuan Li ◽

Hai Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Rice Roots ◽

Key Factor ◽

Rna Interfering

The root plays an important role in the responses of plants to stresses, but the detailed mechanisms of roots in stress responses are still obscure. The GDP-mannose pyrophosphate synthetase (GMPase) OsVTC1-3 is a key factor of ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis in rice roots. The present study showed that the transcript of OsVTC1-3 was induced by salt stress in roots, but not in leaves. Inhibiting the expression of OsVTC1-3 by RNA interfering (RI) technology significantly impaired the tolerance of rice to salt stress. The roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants rapidly produced more O2−, and later accumulated amounts of H2O2 under salt stress, indicating the impaired tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants to salt stress due to the decreasing ability of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, exogenous AsA restored the salt tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants, indicating that the AsA synthesis in rice roots is an important factor for the response of rice to salt stress. Further studies showed that the salt-induced AsA synthesis was limited in the roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants. The above results showed that specifically regulating AsA synthesis to scavenge ROS in rice roots was one of important factors in enhancing the tolerance of rice to salt stress.

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