antimicrobial agent
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haileyesus Dejene ◽  
Rediet Birhanu ◽  
Zewdu Seyoum Tarekegn

Abstract Background Antimicrobials are essential for human and animal health. Drug resistance to an antimicrobial agent follows the introduction of a new antimicrobial agent. Evidence suggests that the public plays an important role in the risk, increase, and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Gondar city residences regarding antimicrobial use and resistance. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2021 on 400 randomly selected Gondar city residents using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The descriptive and Chi-square tests were used to analyse the data. Results The response rate was one hundred percent. Approximately 75% of respondents were men, with 32% having completed secondary school. Nearly 74% and 35% of participants were married and worked in various government jobs, respectively. Furthermore, 48%, 54%, and 50% of respondents, respectively, had moderate knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practice concerning antimicrobial use and resistance. The chi-square analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) disparity between knowledge and educational level, marital status, and position in the house. The respondents' attitude level was also significantly associated (p < 0.05) with their educational level, marital status, occupation, and position in the house. Respondents' practice level was also significantly associated (p 0.05) with their educational level and occupation. The study also found a significant relationship between respondents' knowledge and attitude (χ2 = 215.23, p ≤ 0.001), knowledge and practice (χ2 = 147.2, p ≤ 0.001), and attitude and practice (χ2 = 116.03, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion This study found that study participants had some misconceptions about antimicrobial use and resistance. As a result, enforcing antimicrobial regulation and educating people about antimicrobial use are both recommended.


Author(s):  
Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽  
Nahed A. El-Shall ◽  
Nagwa I. El-Kasrawy ◽  
Mohamed T. El-Saadony ◽  
Manal E. Shafi ◽  
...  

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Veronika Valková ◽  
Hana Ďúranová ◽  
Lucia Galovičová ◽  
Petra Borotová ◽  
Nenad L. Vukovic ◽  
...  

Antimicrobial in vitro and in situ efficacies of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (lemongrass, LGEO) against 17 spoilage microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and fungi) were evaluated. Additionally, its chemical composition, and antioxidant and antibiofilm activities were investigated. The LGEO exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (84.0 ± 0.1%), and its main constituents were citral (61.5%), geraniol (6.6%) and 1,8-cineole (6.4%). An in vitro antimicrobial evaluation revealed the lowest inhibition zone (1.00 ± 0.00 mm) in Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the highest inhibition zone (18.00 ± 2.46 mm) in Candida krusei. The values for the minimal inhibitory concentration were determined to be the lowest for Salmonella enteritidis and the highest for C. albicans. Furthermore, the concentration of ≥250 µL/L of LGEO suppressed the growth of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium italicum. The changes in the molecular structure of the biofilms produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella enteritidis, after their treatment with LGEO, confirmed its action on both biofilm-forming bacteria. Moreover, an in situ antimicrobial activity evaluation displayed the most effective inhibitory effectiveness of LGEO against Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens (250 µL/L) and Penicillium expansum (125, 250 and 500 µL/L) growing on a carrot. Our results suggest that LGEO, as a promising natural antimicrobial agent, can be applied in the innovative packaging of bakery products and different types of vegetables, which combines commonly used packing materials with the addition of LGEO.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Mistry ◽  
Akhilesh Kumar Singh

Abstract Background For many years, various drugs have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases but some bacterial microorganisms have induced resistance to several drugs. In a search of new antimicrobial agents, a series of new steroidal hydrazones were designed and synthesized. Result The structures of the compounds were established based on the spectral data. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of some newly synthesized compounds against bacteria and fungi was studied. Conclusion New compounds showed better or similar antimicrobial activity. Designing more efficient steroidal hydrazones from ketosteroid based on the current study may successfully lead to the development of antimicrobial agent. Graphical abstract


Author(s):  
Monika Choudhary ◽  
Vartika Verma ◽  
Rajendra Saran ◽  
Sameer S. Bhagyawant ◽  
Nidhi Srivastava
Keyword(s):  

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Custodio ◽  
Jennifer Sparks ◽  
Timothy E. Long

Abstract: This article reviews preclinical and clinical studies on the repurposed use of disulfiram (Antabuse) as an antimicrobial agent. Preclinical research covered on the alcohol sobriety aid include uses as an anti-MRSA agent, a carbapenamase inhibitor, antifungal drug for candidiasis, and a treatment for parasitic diseases due to protozoa (e.g., giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria) and helminthes (e.g., schistosomiasis, trichuriasis). Past, current, and pending clinical studies on disulfiram as a post-Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) therapy, an HIV latency reversal agent, and an intervention for COVID-19 infections are also reviewed.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7594
Author(s):  
Luce Micaela Mattio ◽  
Cecilia Pinna ◽  
Giorgia Catinella ◽  
Loana Musso ◽  
Kasandra Juliet Pedersen ◽  
...  

The natural stilbenoid dehydro-δ-viniferin, containing a benzofuran core, has been recently identified as a promising antimicrobial agent. To define the structural elements relevant to its activity, we modified the styryl moiety, appended at C5 of the benzofuran ring. In this paper, we report the construction of stilbenoid-derived 2,3-diaryl-5-substituted benzofurans, which allowed us to prepare a focused collection of dehydro-δ-viniferin analogues. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against S. aureus ATCC29213. The simplified analogue 5,5′-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzofuran-3,5-diyl)bis(benzene-1,3-diol), obtained in three steps from 4-bromo-2-iodophenol (63% overall yield), emerged as a promising candidate for further investigation (MIC = 4 µg/mL).


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Xinyi Kuang ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Chenzi Zhang ◽  
Xian Peng ◽  
Yuan Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sami Aljohani

<p><b>Methylglyoxal (MGO), which is an ingredient in New Zealand Manuka honey (MH) possesses unique antimicrobial properties against a broad range of bacteria. MGO has been determined to have a low minimum inhibitory concentration against bacteria. This provides a new opportunity to develop the use of this compound as a natural antimicrobial agent to impart such antimicrobial properties to wool textiles. This is the focus and detailed research work of this thesis. Also, its application to paper and polymer surfaces has been investigated briefly.</b></p> <p>Due to their protein-based structure and porosity, woollen textiles provide a hospitable host for the growth of microorganisms. This microbial growth on such textiles can pose an undesirable health risk to humans and can negatively affect textile sales. the textile market. Similarly, microbial growth on other substrates such as walls, floors and various equipment can also pose health risks. There are a number of antimicrobial treatments on the market, but with the move to more natural-based antimicrobial agents, there is an opportunity to capture the natural antimicrobial properties of MH and particularly the active ingredient MGO, as a natural antimicrobial agent in wool textiles and paper and polymer substrates.</p> <p>This research developed a novel approach and methodology to incorporate MH and also MGO itself as an isolated component and antimicrobial agent of MH, into the wool fibres and chemically bonding it to the fibre proteins. This approach commenced with determining the extent of uptake of MH, based on its MGO concentration, and MGO itself into wool fibres. The extent of MH and MGO uptake has been determined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This uptake was studied over a range of MH and MGO concentrations and temperatures using loose top wool, yarn and finished wool fabric. An increase in temperature from room temperature up to 80 °C resulted in significantly higher amounts of MGO and MH being absorbed by the wool. Also, higher concentrations of the initial MGO and MH solutions accelerated the uptake rates and resulted in higher uptake amounts. The relatively slow diffusion rate of MGO into the wool necessarily required a long period of time, up to 14 days, for the particular uptake to generally reach the saturation level. The maximum amounts of MH and MGO that were incorporated into wool fibres in this study were 21.2 mg g-1 and 299 mg g-1 wool, respectively.</p> <p>The chemical interactions between MGO and MGO in MH with the wool fibres have been characterised by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR spectra showed that the MGO absorption by the wool changed the intensity of particular peaks between 2,000 and 700 cm-1 characteristic of the wool proteins, and the NH stretching peaks of the wool at 3,270 cm-1. The TGA and DSC analyses showed a thermal stability of the wool after MGO absorption and the likely formation of new bonds, probably H-bonds, between the MGO and the wool. Confirming these findings, the MGOWool and MH-Wool showed a resistance against MGO leaching on washing with water, where less than 1% (relative) of MGO leached out. These results suggest the MGO is likely chemically bound to the wool fibres through hydrogen bonding.</p> <p>The MGO-Wool and also MGO-paper composites produced in a similar way with MGO-Wool, exhibited antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The MGO-Wool showed bacteriostatic properties for all composites even after three months of being synthesised. This opens up potential applications for the use of MH and MGO in antimicrobial woollen apparel, medical textiles and bandages.</p> <p>In addition, MGO was incorporated into samples of an acrylic polymer NeoCryl® XK-98 and a polyurethane, Kamthane K-5000, polymer resin, respectively. The interaction of MGO with the respective polymer chains resulted in similar hydrogen bonding between MGO and the polymers. At high MGO concentrations this bonding was confirmed by the presence of a new endothermic peak in the DSC pattern. The addition of MGO also modified the polymer surface and resulted in a more hydrophobic surface with an increased water droplet contact angle of 87.5°. The new polymer compositeswere successfully tested against S. aureus and E. coli microbes and were shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sami Aljohani

<p><b>Methylglyoxal (MGO), which is an ingredient in New Zealand Manuka honey (MH) possesses unique antimicrobial properties against a broad range of bacteria. MGO has been determined to have a low minimum inhibitory concentration against bacteria. This provides a new opportunity to develop the use of this compound as a natural antimicrobial agent to impart such antimicrobial properties to wool textiles. This is the focus and detailed research work of this thesis. Also, its application to paper and polymer surfaces has been investigated briefly.</b></p> <p>Due to their protein-based structure and porosity, woollen textiles provide a hospitable host for the growth of microorganisms. This microbial growth on such textiles can pose an undesirable health risk to humans and can negatively affect textile sales. the textile market. Similarly, microbial growth on other substrates such as walls, floors and various equipment can also pose health risks. There are a number of antimicrobial treatments on the market, but with the move to more natural-based antimicrobial agents, there is an opportunity to capture the natural antimicrobial properties of MH and particularly the active ingredient MGO, as a natural antimicrobial agent in wool textiles and paper and polymer substrates.</p> <p>This research developed a novel approach and methodology to incorporate MH and also MGO itself as an isolated component and antimicrobial agent of MH, into the wool fibres and chemically bonding it to the fibre proteins. This approach commenced with determining the extent of uptake of MH, based on its MGO concentration, and MGO itself into wool fibres. The extent of MH and MGO uptake has been determined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This uptake was studied over a range of MH and MGO concentrations and temperatures using loose top wool, yarn and finished wool fabric. An increase in temperature from room temperature up to 80 °C resulted in significantly higher amounts of MGO and MH being absorbed by the wool. Also, higher concentrations of the initial MGO and MH solutions accelerated the uptake rates and resulted in higher uptake amounts. The relatively slow diffusion rate of MGO into the wool necessarily required a long period of time, up to 14 days, for the particular uptake to generally reach the saturation level. The maximum amounts of MH and MGO that were incorporated into wool fibres in this study were 21.2 mg g-1 and 299 mg g-1 wool, respectively.</p> <p>The chemical interactions between MGO and MGO in MH with the wool fibres have been characterised by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR spectra showed that the MGO absorption by the wool changed the intensity of particular peaks between 2,000 and 700 cm-1 characteristic of the wool proteins, and the NH stretching peaks of the wool at 3,270 cm-1. The TGA and DSC analyses showed a thermal stability of the wool after MGO absorption and the likely formation of new bonds, probably H-bonds, between the MGO and the wool. Confirming these findings, the MGOWool and MH-Wool showed a resistance against MGO leaching on washing with water, where less than 1% (relative) of MGO leached out. These results suggest the MGO is likely chemically bound to the wool fibres through hydrogen bonding.</p> <p>The MGO-Wool and also MGO-paper composites produced in a similar way with MGO-Wool, exhibited antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The MGO-Wool showed bacteriostatic properties for all composites even after three months of being synthesised. This opens up potential applications for the use of MH and MGO in antimicrobial woollen apparel, medical textiles and bandages.</p> <p>In addition, MGO was incorporated into samples of an acrylic polymer NeoCryl® XK-98 and a polyurethane, Kamthane K-5000, polymer resin, respectively. The interaction of MGO with the respective polymer chains resulted in similar hydrogen bonding between MGO and the polymers. At high MGO concentrations this bonding was confirmed by the presence of a new endothermic peak in the DSC pattern. The addition of MGO also modified the polymer surface and resulted in a more hydrophobic surface with an increased water droplet contact angle of 87.5°. The new polymer compositeswere successfully tested against S. aureus and E. coli microbes and were shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties.</p>


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