scholarly journals Wx Gene in Hordeum chilense: Chromosomal Location and Characterisation of the Allelic Variation in the Two Main Ecotypes of the Species

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan B. Alvarez ◽  
Laura Castellano ◽  
Rocío Recio ◽  
Adoración Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Wild Barley ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Enzymatic Function ◽  
Starch Properties ◽  
Wx Gene ◽  
Bridge Species ◽  
Novel Alleles

Starch, as the main grain component, has great importance in wheat quality, with the ratio between the two formed polymers, amylose and amylopectin, determining the starch properties. Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), or waxy protein, encoded by the Wx gene is the sole enzyme responsible for amylose synthesis. The current study evaluated the variability in Wx genes in two representative lines of Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schult., a wild barley species that was used in the development of tritordeum (×Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner). Two novel alleles, Wx-Hch1a and Wx-Hch1b, were detected in this material. Molecular characterizations of these alleles revealed that the gene is more similar to the Wx gene of barley than that of wheat, which was confirmed by phylogenetic studies. However, the enzymatic function should be similar in all species, and, consequently, the variation present in H. chilense could be utilized in wheat breeding by using tritordeum as a bridge species.

Photoperiod and vernalization gene effects in southern Australian wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
Haydn Kuchel ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
Neil Vallance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Cross Prediction ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Vrn Genes ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Vernalization Genes

Photoperiod and vernalization genes are important for the optimal adaptation of wheat to different environments. Diagnostic markers are now available for Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Ppd-D1, with all four genes variable in southern Australian wheat-breeding programs. To estimate the effects of these genes on days to heading we used data from 128 field experiments spanning 24 years. From an analysis of 1085 homozygous cultivars and breeding lines, allelic variation for these four genes accounted for ~45% of the genotypic variance for days to heading. In the presence of the photoperiod-insensitive allele of Ppd-D1, differences between the winter genotype and genotypes with a spring allele at one of the genes ranged from 3.5 days for Vrn-B1 to 4.9 days for Vrn-D1. Smaller differences occurred between genotypes with a spring allele at one of the Vrn genes and those with spring alleles at two of the three genes. The shortest time to heading occurred for genotypes with spring alleles at both Vrn-A1 and Vrn-D1. Differences between the photoperiod-sensitive and insensitive alleles of Ppd-D1 depended on the genotype of the vernalization genes, being greatest when three spring alleles were present (11.8 days) and least when the only spring allele was at Vrn-B1 (3.7 days). Because of these epistatic interactions, for the practical purposes of using these genes for cross prediction and marker-assisted selection we concluded that using combinations of alleles of genes simultaneously would be preferable to summing effects of individual genes. The spring alleles of the vernalization genes responded differently to the accumulation of vernalizing temperatures, with the common spring allele of Vrn-A1 showing the least response, and the spring allele of Vrn-D1 showing a response that was similar to, but less than, a winter genotype.

scholarly journals Applicability of chromosome-specific SSR wheat markers for the introgression of Triticum urartu in durum wheat breeding programmes

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
M. C. Ramírez ◽  
A. Martín ◽  
S. G. Atienza
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Triticum Urartu ◽  
Founder Line ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Novel Alleles

Triticum urartu, the A-genome donor of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, is a potential source of novel alleles for crop improvement. A fertile amphiploid between T. urartu (2n = 2x = 14; AuAu) and durum wheat cv ‘Yavaros’ (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) was obtained as a first step to making the genetic variability of the wild ancestor available to durum wheat breeding. The amphiploid was backcrossed with ‘Yavaros’ and the offspring from this cross was selfed. A plant from this progeny (founder line) with 28 chromosomes and active x and y subunits of the Glu-A1 locus of T. urartu was selfed, which resulted in the obtaining of 98 pre-introgression lines (pre-ILs). In this work, a set of 78 wheat chromosome-specific microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR), uniformly distributed over the A genome, was used for marker-assisted selection of T. urartu in a durum wheat background. A total of 57 SSRs allowed a clear discrimination between T. urartu and ‘Yavaros’. This set of markers was further used for characterizing the pre-ILs, identifying and defining the T. urartu introgressed regions. The applicability of these markers is discussed.

scholarly journals Cloning, characterization of TaGS3 gene and identification of allelic variation associated with kernel traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yang ◽  
Yanjie Zhou ◽  
Yu'e Zhang ◽  
Weiguo Hu ◽  
Qiuhong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract Background: Grain weight is an important yield component. Selection of advanced lines with heavy grains show high grain sink potentials and strong sink activity, which is an increasingly important objective in wheat breeding programs. Rice OsGS3 has been identified as a major quantitative trait locus for both grain weight and grain size. However, allelic variation of GS3 has not been characterized previously in hexaploid wheat. Results : We cloned 2445, 2393, and 2409 bp sequences of the homologs TaGS3-4A , TaGS3-7A , and TaGS3-7D in wheat ‘Changzhi 6406’, a cultivar that shows high grain weight. The TaGS3 genes each contained five exons and four introns, and encoded a deduced protein of 170, 169, and 169 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of plant GS3 protein sequences revealed GS3 to be a monocotyledon-specific gene and the GS3 proteins were resolved into three classes. The length of the atypical Gγ domain and the cysteine-rich region was conserved within each class and not conserved between classes. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the fifth exon (at position 1907) of TaGS3-7A leads to an amino acid change (ALA/THR) and showed different frequencies in two pools of Chinese wheat accessions representing extremes in grain weight. Association analysis indicated that the TaGS3-7A-A allele was associated with higher grain weight in the natural population. The TaGS3-7A-A allele was favoured in global modern wheat cultivars but the allelic frequency varied among different wheat-production regions of China, which indicated that this allele is of potential utility to improve wheat grain weight in certain wheat-production areas of China. Conclusions : The novel molecular information on wheat GS3 homologs and the KASP functional marker designed in this study may be useful in marker-assisted breeding for genetic improvement of wheat.

scholarly journals Exploitation of nuclear and cytoplasm variability in Hordeum chilense for wheat breeding

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
María J. Giménez ◽  
María C. Ramírez ◽  
Azahara C. Martín ◽  
Natalia Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Hordeum Chilense ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Alloplasmic Lines ◽  
Ideal System

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz. is a diploid wild barley native to Chile and Argentina. The high crossability of this species with other members of the Triticeae tribe promoted the development of the new species × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner. Hexaploid tritordeum was developed from the hybrid derived from the cross between H. chilense (used as female parent) and durum wheat. The interest of H. chilense is based on the presence of traits potentially useful for wheat breeding, including high endosperm carotenoid content, septoria tritici blotch resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Besides, the variability at cytoplasm level is also important in this species. The development of common wheat–H. chilense alloplasmic lines (nucleus from wheat and cytoplasm from H. chilense) results in fertile or male sterile genotypes, depending on the accession donating the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these alloplasmic lines constitute an ideal system for deepening our knowledge on nuclear–cytoplasm interactions. In conclusion, H. chilense is an interesting source of variability for wheat breeding.

Identification of novel alleles from wild barley for the improvement of alpha-amylase and related malt quality traits

2016 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suong T. Cu ◽  
Timothy J. March ◽  
Sophia Degner ◽  
Jason K. Eglinton
Keyword(s):  
Wild Barley ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Novel Alleles

scholarly journals Potential Use of Wild Einkorn Wheat for Wheat Grain Quality Improvement: Evaluation and Characterization of Glu-1, Wx and Ha Loci

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 816
Author(s):  
Ana B. Huertas-García ◽  
Laura Castellano ◽  
Carlos Guzmán ◽  
Juan B. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Novel Alleles

Wild einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.) is a diploid wheat species from the Near East that has been classified as an ancestor of the first cultivated wheat (einkorn; T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum). Its genome (Am), although it is not the donor of the A genome in polyploid wheat, shows high similarity to the Au genome. An important characteristic for wheat improvement is grain quality, which is associated with three components of the wheat grain: endosperm storage proteins (gluten properties), starch synthases (starch characteristics) and puroindolines (grain hardness). In the current study, these grain quality traits were studied in one collection of wild einkorn with the objective of evaluating its variability with respect to these three traits. The combined use of protein and DNA analyses allows detecting numerous variants for each one of the following genes: six for Ax, seven for Ay, eight for Wx, four for Gsp-1, two for Pina and three for Pinb. The high variability presence in this species suggests its potential as a source of novel alleles that could be used in modern wheat breeding.

Importance of starch properties in quality oriented wheat breeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 637-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rakszegi ◽  
L. Láng ◽  
Z. Bedő
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Starch Properties

scholarly journals Allelic Variation at theRht8Locus in a 19th Century Wheat Collection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnéa Asplund ◽  
Matti W. Leino ◽  
Jenny Hagenblad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
A Minor

Wheat breeding during the 20th century has put large efforts into reducing straw length and increasing harvest index. In the 1920s an allele ofRht8with dwarfing effects, found in the Japanese cultivar “Akakomugi,” was bred into European cultivars and subsequently spread over the world.Rht8has not been cloned, but the microsatellite marker WMS261 has been shown to be closely linked to it and is commonly used for genotypingRht8. The “Akakomugi” allele is strongly associated withWMS261-192bp. Numerous screens of wheat cultivars with different geographical origin have been performed to study the spread and influence of theWMS261-192bpduring 20th century plant breeding. However, the allelic diversity of WMS261 in wheat cultivars before modern plant breeding and introduction of the Japanese dwarfing genes is largely unknown. Here, we report a study of WMS261 allelic diversity in a historical wheat collection from 1865 representing worldwide major wheats at the time. The majority carried the previously reported 164 bp or 174 bp allele, but with little geographical correlation. In a few lines, a rare 182 bp fragment was found. Although straw length was recognized as an important character already in the 19th century,Rht8probably played a minor role for height variation. The use of WMS261 and other functional markers for analyses of historical specimens and characterization of historic crop traits is discussed.

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