scholarly journals Tail Docking of Piglets 1: Stress Response of Piglets to Tail Docking

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Morrison ◽  
Paul Hemsworth
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tail Docking

This experiment compared the stress responses of piglets to tail docking. Two hundred and eighty-eight piglets were allocated to the following treatments at 2 d post-farrowing: (1) sham handling treatment; (2) surgical castration; (3) tail docking using clippers; (4) tail docking using a cauterising iron. Blood samples were collected at 15 min, 30 min and 24 h post-treatment and analysed for total plasma cortisol. Behaviours indicative of pain, such as escape attempts, vocalisations and standing with head lowered were measured. Cortisol concentrations at 15 min post-treatment were higher (p < 0.001) in the tail docking and castration treatment groups than the sham handling treatment group, but at 30 min post-treatment, only the clipper and castration treatment groups had higher (p < 0.001) cortisol concentrations than the sham handling treatment. Duration of vocalisations and escape attempts were greater (p < 0.0001) during the castration treatment than the sham and tail docking treatments, but these behaviours occurred less (p < 0.05) in tail-docked piglets than those that were castrated. Piglets undergoing the tail-docked treatments and the castration treatment exhibited more behaviours indicative of pain, such as standing longer (p < 0.05) with the head lowered in the 60 min after treatment, than those in the sham handling treatment group. There were no treatment effects on cortisol concentrations and behaviour at 23–24 h post-treatment. The physiological results at 30 min post-treatment indicate that tail docking with cauterisation may be less aversive than tail docking with clippers.

scholarly journals Tail Docking of Piglets 2: Effects of Meloxicam on the Stress Response to Tail Docking

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1699
Author(s):  
Rebecca Morrison ◽  
Paul Hemsworth
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Sham Treatment ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Acute Stress Response

This experiment assessed the efficacy of the cauterisation procedure with or without pain relief (injectable meloxicam) in mitigating the acute stress response to tail docking. Male piglets (n = 432) were allocated to the following treatments at 2-d post-farrowing: (1) no handling, (2) sham handling, (3) tail docked using clippers, (4) tail docked using a cauteriser, (5) meloxicam + clipper, and (6) meloxicam + cauteriser. Meloxicam treatments used Metacam® at 5 mg/mL injected i.m. 1 h prior to tail docking. Blood samples were collected at 15 and 30 min post-treatment and analysed for total plasma cortisol. Behaviours indicative of pain such as escape attempts, vocalisations and standing with head lowered were measured. The duration of vocalisations and frequency of escape attempts during treatment were greater in all tail docking treatments compared to the sham treatment. Piglets in the clipper treatment had higher (p < 0.05) cortisol concentrations at 30 min but not 15 min after treatment and stood for longer (p < 0.001) with head lowered in the first 60 min after treatment than those in the cauterisation treatment. Meloxicam reduced (p < 0.05) both the cortisol response at 30 min after tail docking with the clipper as well as the behavioural response in the first 60 min after tail docking with the clipper. In comparison to the sham treatment, cortisol concentrations at 15 min were higher in the two tail docking treatments whereas the tail docking treatments with meloxicam were similar to the sham handling treatment. In comparison to the sham handling treatment, cortisol concentrations at 30 min post-docking were higher (p < 0.05) only in the clipper treatment. While cauterisation appears to be less aversive than the clipper procedure, the administration of meloxicam did not mitigate the behavioural response during tail docking using either procedure, but reduced standing with head lowered in the first hour after docking for both methods. The commercial viability of administration of meloxicam requires consideration before it is recommended for use compared to cauterisation alone, as it requires additional handling of piglets and costs.

Heart rate responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in ewes: comparison between cervical and laparoscopic intrauterine insemination and their associated handling procedures

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalid ◽  
W. Haresign ◽  
D. G. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThis study consisted of two experiments. In experiment 1, stress responses of sheep which were restrained either in a laparoscopy cradle or a roll-over cradle were compared. The results of this experiment indicated that restraint in roll-over cradle is less (P < 0·05) stressful than that in a laparoscopy cradle when assessed in terms of the elevation and duration of both the mean heart rate and plasma cortisol responses. Experiment 2 compared the stress responses of sheep subjected to restraint in a laparoscopy cradle, restraint in a laparoscopy cradle with intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) by laparoscopy, minimal restraint with cervical AI or restraint in a roll-over cradle plus foot-trimming. All treatments resulted in significant elevations in both heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations (F < 0·001). The peak heart rate was significantly (P < 0·05) higher in ewes subjected to cervical AI than in those subjected to intrauterine insemination, with other treatments intermediate. The peak cortisol response did not differ among different treatments. The duration over which both the mean heart rate and -plasma cortisol concentrations remained significantly elevated above pre-treatment concentrations did not differ among treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that while restraint using a laparoscopy cradle is more stressful than that using a rollover cradle, the stress inflicted by intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy itself is no greater than that due to restraint using the laparoscopy cradle alone, cervical AI or the management practice offoot-trimming using a rollover cradle.

Stress response of cougars to nonlethal pursuit by hunters

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Harlow ◽  
Frederick G. Lindzey ◽  
Walter D. Van Sickle ◽  
William A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Test ◽  
Felis Concolor ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Five cougars (Felis concolor) were captured and an adrenal response test was administered by injecting synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone and monitoring plasma cortisol levels at 15-min intervals for 120 min. Three were selected for treatment and chased 5 or 6 more times to simulate the stress they might experience during a pursuit-only season; the other two served as controls and were chased only once more, at recapture. The adrenal response test was administered again at recapture. The cougars in the treatment group had a lowered plasma cortisol profile after the simulated pursuit season, indicating an altered physiological response of the adrenals to the stress of repeated chases.

scholarly journals Effects of clove oil on the stress response of matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) subjected to transport

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Antônio Kioshi Aoki Inoue ◽  
Luís Orlando B. Afonso ◽  
George K. Iwama ◽  
Gilberto Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Transport Stress ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

Fish transport is one of the most stressful procedures in aquaculture facilities. The present work evaluated the stress response of matrinxã to transportation procedures, and the use of clove oil as an alternative to reduce the stress response to transport in matrinxã (Brycon cephalus). Clove oil solutions were tested in concentrations of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/L during matrinxã transportation in plastic bags, supplied with water and oxygen as the usual field procedures in Brazil. Clove oil reduced some of the physiological stress responses (plasma cortisol, glucose and ions) that we measured. The high energetic cost to matrinxã cope with the transport stress was clear by the decrease of liver glycogen after transport. Our results suggest that clove oil (5 mg/l) can mitigate the stress response in matrinxã subjected to transport.

Cortisol and β-endorphin responses to physical and psychological stressors in lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Mears ◽  
F. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Potential Use

Plasma cortisol, β-endorphin, T3 and T4 were determined in lambs before, during and after exposure to stress in order to evaluate the potential use of these hormones to objectively measure stress responses. Lambs were exposed to tail-docking, castration, weaning, isolation, and restraint stress. Twelve ewe and 24 ram lambs were assigned to the experiment, with 12 of the ram lambs surgically castrated when 3-wk old. Tail docking within 24 h of birth did not (P > 0.05) elevate either plasma cortisol or β-endorphin. Castration markedly elevated (P < 0.001) plasma cortisol and β-endorphin within 15 min of surgery. Both hormones were highly elevated for the first 4 h. Plasma cortisol returned to control levels by 24 h whereas β-endorphin was still elevated (P < 0.05) 24 h after castration. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated for the first 60 min following weaning (P < 0.005) and again at 24 h after dam removal (P < 0.001). Plasma β-endorphin was not elevated (P > 0.05) any time during the 72 h following weaning. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.001) and β-endorphin (P < 0.05) were elevated during the first 60 min following the start of 1 h of isolation. Results were similar for partial and total isolation. No effects of isolation were found for the next 23 h. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.005) was elevated during the first 30 min following 4 min of shearing-like restraint, whereas plasma β-endorphin was elevated only at 7 min (P < 0.05) after restraint began. No further effects of restraint were found prior to termination of sample collection at 24 h. None of the stressors employed affected plasma concentrations of T3 and T4. This study has shown that measurements of plasma cortisol and β-endorphin in blood samples obtained before, during and after stress are useful in assessing stress in lambs. The painful stressor, castration, induced marked and prolonged elevations of both hormones, whereas psychological stressors elicited graded, short-term cortisol responses and limited β-endorphin responses. Key words: Cortisol, β-endorphin, physical stress, psychological stress, lambs

Use of meloxicam, buprenorphine, and Maxilene® to assess a multimodal approach for piglet pain management, part 2: tail-docking

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
AV Viscardi ◽  
PV Turner
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Painful Procedure ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Opioid Administration ◽  
Power And Energy ◽  
Frequency Power

Piglets on commercial pig farms are often tail-docked to reduce the incidence of tail-biting. While this is a painful procedure, piglets are often not provided analgesia or anaesthesia for pain relief. The objectives of this study were to assess a multimodal approach to managing tail-docking pain in piglets, using 0.4 mg kg–1 meloxicam (MEL), 0.04 mg kg–1 buprenorphine (BUP), and Maxilene® (MAX), a topical anaesthetic. The effectiveness of each drug and drug combination was evaluated using behavioural indicators, vocalisation, and facial grimace analysis. This study also assessed whether male and female piglets responded differently to pain or pain treatments. Piglets were randomly assigned to one of six possible treatments: MEL, BUP, MEL + BUP, MEL + BUP + MAX, no treatment (tail-docked control), or sham (non-tail-docked control). Vocalisations were recorded at initial handling, injection, and tail-docking. Piglets administered MEL + BUP and BUP demonstrated significantly fewer pain behaviours than piglets in the MEL and no treatment group. MEL + BUP + MAX and BUP piglets displayed significantly lower facial grimace scores than piglets in the no treatment group. There were no significant differences in emitted vocalisations between the analgesia-treated piglets and the no treatment group and both injection and tail-docking elicited piglet vocalisations of similar frequency, power, and energy. There were no significant differences in behaviour, facial grimacing or emitted vocalisations between male and female piglets. All treatment groups with buprenorphine were able to alleviate tail-docking-associated pain, suggesting that opioid administration is highly effective for managing piglet pain.

Effects of tail docking and castration on stress responses in lambs and the influence of prenatal glucocorticoid treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofu Li ◽  
Ilias Nitsos ◽  
Graeme R. Polglase ◽  
John P. Newnham ◽  
John R. G. Challis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
In Pregnancy

It is common practice in Australian agriculture to remove the tails of lambs to prevent infection and to castrate males to prevent behavioural problems and unwanted reproduction. We have studied the pain and stress responses to these interventions by measuring changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and β-endorphin levels. Further, we have evaluated the effects of prenatal exposure to dexamethasone, which is known to affect the developing HPA axis. In control animals that had received prenatal saline treatment, plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) levels increased after the interventions in both females and males. Plasma β-endorphin levels also increased after the interventions, but the responses were less consistent. Prenatal dexamethasone exposure early in pregnancy (dexamethasone 0.14 mg kg–1 ewe weight injection commenced on day 40 of pregnancy for four consecutive intramuscular injections at 12-hourly intervals) blunted the cortisol response to tail docking in female offspring, but not to combined tail docking and castration in males. It had no effect on ACTH or β-endorphin responses in either sex. These findings describe the stress responses to these common agricultural interventions and suggest that long-term development of the HPA axis in females is altered by prenatal exposure to dexamethasone.

scholarly journals Clinical efficacy of linagliptin combined with irbesartan in patients with diabetic nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Liu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Ming-hui Hou ◽  
Wei-xuan Du
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Combined Modality Treatment ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Urine Albumin

Objective: To determine the clinical efficacy of linagliptin combined with irbesartan in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Seventy-two patients who were admitted to our department of endocrinology in our hospital during January 2018 and June 2019 were randomly divided into a control group (administered with irbesartan only, n=36) and a treatment group (treated with irbesartan and linagliptin, n=36). The course of treatment lasted for three months. FBG (fasting blood glucose), 2hPBG (2h postprandial blood sugar), HbA1C (hemoglobin A1c), Cys-C (cystatin C), SCr (serum creatinine), BUN (blood urea nitrogen), UACR (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio), CRP (C-reactive protein), IL-6 (interleukin-6), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) were tested pre- and post-treatment to evaluate the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of the two treatment plans after three months of treatment. Results: Compared with the pre-treatment levels, FBG, 2hPBG, HbA1c, Cys-C, SCr, BUN, UACR, CRP, IL-6, and SOD in both groups were significantly improved following the three-month treatment (P<0.05, respectively). Post-treatment levels of FBG, 2hPBG, HbA1c, Cys-C, SCr, BUN, UACR, CRP, and IL-6 in the treatment group were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05, respectively), while the treatment group exhibited a higher level of SOD compared with the control group (P<0.05). No serious adverse reaction occurred in either group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Combined-modality treatment with linagliptin and irbesartan shows favorable clinical efficacy in treating diabetic nephropathy as it effectively protects the kidneys and improves kidney function by inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.1.4417 How to cite this:Liu J, Zhang J, Hou M, Du W. Clinical efficacy of linagliptin combined with irbesartan in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.1.4417 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The effect of repeated handling on the stress response of sheep to handling

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
A.L. Hargreaves ◽  
G.D. Hutson
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Peak Response ◽  
Management Procedure

The stimuli which are most potent in eliciting a stress response to handling are often part of the management procedure itself (eg wool removal during shearing). If sheep handling is to be made less stressful, then alternative methods may have to be found which do not interfere with the procedure. Such alternatives may involve altering either the context in which sheep undergo handling procedures, or their experience of handling. This study tested whether repetition could modify the physiological response of sheep to handling.Twenty three-year-old Merino wethers were sham shorn four times at intervals of two weeks. Sham shearing involves the noise and physical manipulations of shearing, but no wool is removed, allowing the procedure to be repeated. Two blood samples were collected via jugular catheters before sham shearing and eight were taken over the following eighty minutes. There were significant increases in haematocrit and plasma Cortisol after each exposure (p < 0.05). The Cortisol response to sham shearing was reduced by the previous experiences of the procedure (p < 0.05). This was manifested more in a diminution of the basal concentrations (23.34 ± 5.26 ng/ ml to 9.84 ± 5.50 ng/ml; n = 19) rather than a decline of the peak response (63.29 ± 5.50 ng/ml to 56.54 ± 7.25 ng/ml). There was no difference between the first and fourth exposures in the overall haematocrit response or in maximum haematocrit (33.3 ± 0.7% and 31.34 ± 0.9%; n = 17), however basal haematocrit was lower (p < 0.05) after the fourth exposure than it was after the first (23.6 ± 0.6% and 26.22 ± 0.8%) respectively.

Failure of cortisol injected prior to milking to inhibit milk ejection in dairy cattle

1987 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald K. Mayer ◽  
Alan M. Lefcourt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanism ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Injection Control

SummaryTO test the potential for Cortisol to inhibit milk ejection directly, 18 Holstein cows were divided equally into control and treatment groups based on milk yields. For treated animals, a single injection of Cortisol was made into the saphenous vein 15 min before milkings. Increasing amounts of cortisol (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg) were injected for one morning and one evening milking, with the exception that the treated cows received only one 100 mg injection. Control animals received injections of 0·9% (w/v) NaCl. Cortisol injections had no effect on milk yields. However, a potential inhibitory mechanism might involve a delay, perhaps due to the necessity of synthesizing a regulatory protein. Therefore, to test the potential for increased cortisol over a period of hours to inhibit milk ejection, six of the nine cows in the treatment group were injected with 100 mg of cortisol at 3·25, 2·25, 1·25 and 0·25 h before sequential morning and evening milkings. In blood samples taken 1 min before and after injections, base-line cortisol concentrations averaged 10·2 mg/ml; after injection they were 984·1 ng/ml, and before subsequent injections they were 37·6 ng/ml. Again cortisol injections had no effect on milk yields.

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