scholarly journals Zoonotic Viruses in Three Species of Voles from Poland

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1820
Author(s):  
Maciej Grzybek ◽  
Katarzyna Tołkacz ◽  
Tarja Sironen ◽  
Sanna Mäki ◽  
Mohammed Alsarraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Microtus Agrestis ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Northeastern Poland ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Rodents are known to be reservoir hosts for a plethora of zoonotic viruses and therefore play a significant role in the dissemination of these pathogens. We trapped three vole species (Microtus arvalis, Alexandromys oeconomus and Microtus agrestis) in northeastern Poland, all of which are widely distributed species in Europe. Using immunofluorescence assays, we assessed serum samples for the presence of antibodies to hantaviruses, arenaviruses and cowpox viruses (CPXV). We detected antibodies against CPXV and Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), the overall seroprevalence of combined viral infections being 18.2% [10.5–29.3] and mostly attributed to CPXV. We detected only one PUUV/TULV cross-reaction in Microtus arvalis (1.3% [0.1–7.9]), but found similar levels of antibodies against CPXV in all three vole species. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence of CPXV among host species and age categories, nor between the sexes. These results contribute to our understanding of the distribution and abundance of CPXV in voles in Europe, and confirm that CPXV circulates also in Microtus and Alexandromys voles in northeastern Poland.

scholarly journals Zoonotic viruses in three species of voles (Microtus spp.) from Poland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Grzybek ◽  
Katarzyna Tołkacz ◽  
Tarja Sironen ◽  
Sanna Mäki ◽  
Mohammed Alsarraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Puumala Virus ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Microtus Spp

ABSTRACTRodents are known to be reservoir hosts for a plethora of zoonotic viruses and therefore play a significant role in the dissemination of these pathogens. We trapped three vole species (Microtus arvalis, M. oeconomus and M. agrestis) in N.E. Poland, all of which are widely distributed species in Europe, and, using immunofluorescence assays, we assessed serum samples for the presence of antibodies to hantaviruses, arenaviruses and cowpox viruses (CPXV). We detected antibodies against CPXV and Puumala virus (PUUV), overall seroprevalence of combined viral infections of 18.2% [10.5-29.3] and mostly attributed to CPXV. Antibodies to Tula hantavirus, typical for Microtus voles, are known to cross-react strongly with the PUUV antigen used in PUUV screening, but we detected only one PUUV/TULV cross-reaction in Microtus arvalis (1.3% [0.1-7.9]). We found antibodies against CPXV in all three Microtus spp. Seroprevalence was similar in all vole species. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence between the sexes and among host age categories. Our results contribute to the increasing understanding of CPXV abundance in voles in Europe, and confirm that CPXV circulates also in Microtus spp. voles in NE Poland.

DETECTION OF ALFACORONAVIRUSES, BETACORONAVIRUSES AND ASTROVIRUSES IN BAT FECAL SAMPLES FROM MOSCOW REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Korneenko ◽  
◽  
А.E. Samoilov ◽  
I.V. Artyushin ◽  
M.V. Safonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Blastn Search

In our study we analyzed viral RNA in bat fecal samples from Moscow region (Zvenigorod district) collected in 2015. To detect various virus families and genera in bat fecal samples we used PCR amplification of viral genome fragments, followed by high-throughput sequencing. Blastn search of unassembled reads revealed the presence of viruses from families Astroviridae, Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae. Assembly using SPAdes 3.14 yields contigs of length 460–530 b.p. which correspond to genome fragments of Coronaviridae and Astroviridae. The taxonomy of coronaviruses has been determined to the genus level. We also showed that one bat can be a reservoir of several virus genuses. Thus, the bats in the Moscow region were confirmed as reservoir hosts for potentially zoonotic viruses.

Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues as Emerging Antiviral Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim Elzagheid
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nucleoside Drugs

: Nucleosides and their analogues have been in use for many years and have become essential for treating patients with viral infections. Many additional nucleoside drugs have been approved over the past decades. This strongly demonstrates how important these compounds are and the crucial role they play. Given that a significant amount of research and literature has been documented regarding nucleoside analogues, this review article mainly focuses the discussion on nucleosides and nucleoside analogous that have proven to play significant role or be emerging in the treatment of known viral infections. This covers the names, structures, applications, toxicity, and mode of action of relevant nucleoside analogues.

scholarly journals Updated and Validated Pan-Coronavirus PCR Assay to Detect All Coronavirus Genera

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Myndi G. Holbrook ◽  
Simon J. Anthony ◽  
Isamara Navarrete-Macias ◽  
Theo Bestebroer ◽  
Vincent J. Munster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Viral Surveillance ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Coronavirus (CoV) spillover events from wildlife reservoirs can result in mild to severe human respiratory illness. These spillover events underlie the importance of detecting known and novel CoVs circulating in reservoir host species and determining CoV prevalence and distribution, allowing improved prediction of spillover events or where a human–reservoir interface should be closely monitored. To increase the likelihood of detecting all circulating genera and strains, we have modified primers published by Watanabe et al. in 2010 to generate a semi-nested pan-CoV PCR assay. Representatives from the four coronavirus genera (α-CoVs, β-CoVs, γ-CoVs and δ-CoVs) were tested and all of the in-house CoVs were detected using this assay. After comparing both assays, we found that the updated assay reliably detected viruses in all genera of CoVs with high sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity of the original assay was lower. Our updated PCR assay is an important tool to detect, monitor and track CoVs to enhance viral surveillance in reservoir hosts.

Significant Role of Cellular Activation in Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Bojjibabu Chidipi ◽  
Samuel Ignatious Bolleddu ◽  
Ganugula Mohana Sheela ◽  
Alavala Matta Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Activation

A complex scenario of glacial survival in Mediterranean and continental refugia of a temperate continental vole species ( Microtus arvalis ) in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-474
Author(s):  
Jesús T. García ◽  
Julio Domínguez‐Villaseñor ◽  
Fernando Alda ◽  
María Calero‐Riestra ◽  
Pedro Pérez Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
Complex Scenario

The influence of landscape and environmental factors on ranavirus epidemiology in amphibian assemblages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Tornabene ◽  
Andrew R. Blaustein ◽  
Cheryl J. Briggs ◽  
Dana M. Calhoun ◽  
Pieter T. J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Variance Partitioning ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Taxonomic Richness ◽  
Amphibian Disease ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

ABSTRACTAimTo quantify the influence of a suite of landscape, abiotic, biotic, and host-level variables on ranavirus disease dynamics in amphibian assemblages at two biological levels (site and host-level).LocationWetlands within the East Bay region of California, USA.MethodsWe used competing models, multimodel inference, and variance partitioning to examine the influence of 16 landscape and environmental factors on patterns in site-level ranavirus presence and host-level ranavirus infection in 76 wetlands and 1,377 amphibian hosts representing five species.ResultsThe landscape factor explained more variation than any other factors in site-level ranavirus presence, but biotic and host-level factors explained more variation in host-level ranavirus infection. At both the site- and host-level, the probability of ranavirus presence correlated negatively with distance to nearest ranavirus-positive wetland. At the site-level, ranavirus presence was associated positively with taxonomic richness. However, infection prevalence within the amphibian population correlated negatively with vertebrate richness. Finally, amphibian host species differed in their likelihood of ranavirus infection: American Bullfrogs had the weakest association with infection while Western Toads had the strongest. After accounting for host species effects, hosts with greater snout-vent length had a lower probability of infection.Main conclusionsStrong spatial influences at both biological levels suggest that mobile taxa (e.g., adult amphibians, birds, reptiles) may facilitate the movement of ranavirus among hosts and across the landscape. Higher taxonomic richness at sites may provide more opportunities for colonization or the presence of reservoir hosts that may influence ranavirus presence. Higher host richness correlating with higher ranavirus infection is suggestive of a dilution effect that has been observed for other amphibian disease systems and warrants further investigation. Our study demonstrates that an array of landscape, environmental, and host-level factors were associated with ranavirus epidemiology and illustrates that their importance vary with biological level.

scholarly journals Extensive Host Sharing of Central European Tula Virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit ◽  
Sandra Essbauer ◽  
Rasa Petraityte ◽  
Kumiko Yoshimatsu ◽  
Kirsten Tackmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tula Virus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Vole Species

ABSTRACT To examine the host association of Tula virus (TULV), a hantavirus present in large parts of Europe, we investigated a total of 791 rodents representing 469 Microtus arvalis and 322 Microtus agrestis animals from northeast, northwest, and southeast Germany, including geographical regions with sympatric occurrence of both vole species, for the presence of TULV infections. Based on serological investigation, reverse transcriptase PCR, and subsequent sequence analysis of partial small (S) and medium (M) segments, we herein show that TULV is carried not only by its commonly known host M. arvalis but also frequently by M. agrestis in different regions of Germany for a prolonged time period. At one trapping site, TULV was exclusively detected in M. agrestis, suggesting an isolated transmission cycle in this rodent reservoir separate from spillover infections of TULV-carrying M. arvalis. Phylogenetic analysis of the S and M segment sequences demonstrated geographical clustering of the TULV sequences irrespective of the host, M. arvalis or M. agrestis. The novel TULV lineages from northeast, northwest, and southeast Germany described here are clearly separated from each other and from other German, European, or Asian lineages, suggesting their stable geographical localization and fast sequence evolution. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that TULV represents a promiscuous hantavirus with a large panel of susceptible hosts. In addition, this may suggest an alternative evolution mode, other than a strict coevolution, for this virus in its Microtus hosts, which should be proven in further large-scale investigations on sympatric Microtus hosts.

scholarly journals Prevalence and abundance of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp. in wild rural rodents from the Mazury Lake District region of Poland

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BAJER ◽  
M. BEDNARSKA ◽  
A. PAWEŁCZYK ◽  
J. M. BEHNKE ◽  
F. S. GILBERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Apodemus Flavicollis ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Vole Species ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Prevalence and abundance of Cryptosporodium parvum and Giardia spp. were studied in 3 species of rodents from forests and abandoned agricultural fields in N.E. Poland (Clethrionomys glareolus n = 459; Microtus arvalis n = 274; Apodemus flavicollis n = 209). Overall prevalence was consistently higher in the voles compared with A. flavicollis (70·6, 73·0 and 27·8% respectively for C. parvum and 93·9, 96·3 and 48·3% respectively for Giardia spp.). Prevalence and abundance of infection also varied markedly across 3 years with 1998 being a year of higher prevalence and abundance with both species. Fewer older animals (especially C. glareolus and M. arvalis) carried infection with C. parvum and infections in these animals were relatively milder. Although seasonal differences were significant, no consistent pattern of changes was apparent. Host sex did not influence prevalence or abundance of infection with C. parvum, but made a small contribution to a 4-way interaction (in 5-way ANOVA) with other factors in the case of Giardia spp. The 2 species co-occurred significantly and in animals carrying both parasites there was a highly significant positive correlation between abundance of infection with each, even with between-year, seasonal, host age, sex and species differences taken into account. Quantitative associations were confined to the 2 vole species in the study. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of wild rodents as reservoir hosts and sources of infection for local human communities.

scholarly journals Reservoir hosts for Gyrodactylus salaris may play a more significant role in epidemics than previously thought

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Paladini ◽  
Haakon Hansen ◽  
Chris F Williams ◽  
Nick GH Taylor ◽  
Olga L Rubio-Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Reservoir Hosts
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