Comparative Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity in the Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis L., Striped Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba M. and Pilot Whale Globicephala melas T.: A Developmental Study

Our goal was to analyze the main anatomical structures of the dolphin external nose and nasal cavity from fetal developmental stages to adult. Endoscopy was used to study the common development of the external nose and the melon, and nasal mucosa. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and anatomical sections were correlated with anatomical sections. Computed tomography (CT) was used to generate 3D reconstructions of the nasal bones and nasal cavities to study its development. Dissections, histological and pathological studies were carried out on the nasal mucosa to understand its function. These results were compared with the horse. Endoscopy showed an external nose with two lips and the upper lip is divided by a groove due to the nasal septum and an obstruction of right nasal cavity was diagnosed in a newborn. Two diverticula (air sacs) were found in the nasal vestibule and an incisive recess (premaxillary sac) in the nasal cavity. These findings were corroborated by 3D reconstructions of the nasal cavities, MRI, anatomical sections and dissections. The presphenoid and ethmoid bones were fused at early stages of fetal development. The ethmoid is the last bone to ossify in the nasal cavity.

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Endoscopic Study of the Oral and Pharyngeal Cavities in the Common Dolphin, Striped Dolphin, Risso’s Dolphin, Harbour Porpoise and Pilot Whale: Reinforced with Other Diagnostic and Anatomic Techniques

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1507

Author(s):

Álvaro García de los Ríos y Loshuertos ◽

Marta Soler Laguía ◽

Alberto Arencibia Espinosa ◽

Francisco Martínez Gomariz ◽

Cayetano Sánchez Collado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Pilot Whale ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Vascular Plexus ◽

Endoscopic Study ◽

Main Technique ◽

The Common ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

In this work, the fetal and newborn anatomical structures of the dolphin oropharyngeal cavities were studied. The main technique used was endoscopy, as these cavities are narrow tubular spaces and the oral cavity is difficult to photograph without moving the specimen. The endoscope was used to study the mucosal features of the oral and pharyngeal cavities. Two pharyngeal diverticula of the auditory tubes were discovered on either side of the choanae and larynx. These spaces begin close to the musculotubaric channel of the middle ear, are linked to the pterygopalatine recesses (pterygoid sinus) and they extend to the maxillopalatine fossa. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), osteological analysis, sectional anatomy, dissections, and histology were also used to better understand the function of the pharyngeal diverticula of the auditory tubes. These data were then compared with the horse’s pharyngeal diverticula of the auditory tubes. The histology revealed that a vascular plexus inside these diverticula could help to expel the air from this space to the nasopharynx. In the oral cavity, teeth remain inside the alveolus and covered by gums. The marginal papillae of the tongue differ in extension depending on the fetal specimen studied. The histology reveals that the incisive papilla is vestigial and contain abundant innervation. No ducts were observed inside lateral sublingual folds in the oral cavity proper and caruncles were not seen in the prefrenular space.

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Age and growth of some delphinids in south-eastern Brazil

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315407053398 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 293-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Salvatore Siciliano ◽

Renata Maria A. Ramos ◽

Ana Paula M. Di Beneditto ◽

Marcos César O. Santos ◽

Ana Bernadete Fragoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Curve ◽

Atlantic Coast ◽

Age And Growth ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

Pilot Whale ◽

Stenella Frontalis ◽

Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽

South Eastern ◽

Spotted Dolphin ◽

Eastern Brazil

This study provides the first compilation on age and growth of some delphinids in south-eastern Brazil (18°25′S–25°45′S). A total of 154 delphinids were reported: 44 Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis; 36 bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus; 26 ‘Brazilian’ common dolphin Delphinus sp.; 20 rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis; 16 Fraser's dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei; 3 false killer whale Pseudorca crassidens; 3 unidentified Stenella sp.; 2 pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata; 2 short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus; 1 spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris; and 1 striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba. Age was estimated by counting the number of growth layer groups present in the dentine in 74.5% of the sample. The growth of 92 individuals of the first five species was determined by the Gompertz model to length-at-age data. Stenella frontalis—the oldest specimen was 23 y and the asymptotic length of 224.4 cm predicted by growth curve occurred at about 20 y; T. truncatus—the oldest specimen was 26 y and the asymptotic length of 301.3 cm predicted by growth curve occurred at about 20 y; Delphinus sp.—the oldest dolphin was 18 y and the asymptotic length of 215.9 cm predicted by growth curve occurred at about 5–6 y; S. bredanensis—the oldest specimen was 24 y and the asymptotic length of 258.1 cm predicted by growth curve occurred at about 10 y; L. hosei—the oldest specimen was 19 y and the asymptotic length of 231.2 cm predicted by growth curve occurred at about 7–8 y. Only age was estimated for the other species. The age-at-length data for S. frontalis, Delphinus sp., S. bredanensis and L. hosei were consistent, suggesting a good agreement with previous work on these species. For T. truncatus, the age at asymptotic length obtained in this study might be confirmed by increasing the sample size. The information currently presented will contribute to further life history research of delphinids on the western south Atlantic coast.

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Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Five Toothed Whale Species of the Mediterranean Sea

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1080/109158101753333613 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 339-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. P. Frodello ◽

B. Marchand

Keyword(s):

Stomach Contents ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

Pilot Whale ◽

Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽

Delphinus Delphis ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Toothed Whale ◽

Cadmium Lead ◽

Zinc Levels

The cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc levels were measured in six organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, and bone) from 18 specimens of toothed whales, belonging to five species, found stranded along the Corsican coast between November 1993 and December 1998. The five species examined were the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale Globicephala melas, and the Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus. The values obtained demonstrate that there is a great variability in the accumulation of toxic metals. A comparison of the values with those obtained in other geographical regions also demonstrates an extensive variability in metal levels. The presence of metals in the stomach contents of three of the individuals studied shows that the food source is responsible for a significant input of pollutants to the whales. Measured pollutant levels in whales are thus the result of an accumulation occurring throughout the animal's life.

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Cetacean strandings along the German North Sea coastline 1604–2017

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315421000503 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Carl Christian Kinze ◽

Richard Czeck ◽

Helena Herr ◽

Ursula Siebert

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Native Species ◽

Sperm Whale ◽

Beluga Whale ◽

Delphinapterus Leucas ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

Physeter Macrocephalus ◽

Pilot Whale ◽

Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽

Fin Whale

Abstract The occurrence of 19 cetacean species along the German North Sea coastline as well as the lower reaches of the major rivers discharging into the German Bight is reviewed for the period 1604–2017 based on records of dead animals, either stranded dead or put to death. The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is considered the most abundant and only native species in German coastal and riverine waters. Based on written sources its presence can be traced back to at least 1651, although with statistical data only available from 1990. Finds of further 18 species have been documented: white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas), killer whale (Orcinus orca), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), narwhal (Monodon monoceros), Sowerby's beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens), northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). This review corrects several false species assignments earlier introduced in literature based on incorrect scientific or ambiguous German vernacular names and recovers lost records of beluga whale, northern bottlenose whale, sperm whale and fin whale.

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Superabsorbent polymer balls as foreign bodies in the nasal cavities of children: our clinical experience

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02740-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sai-hong Han ◽

Yong-chao Chen ◽

Zhi-xiong Xian ◽

Yi-shu Teng

Keyword(s):

Nasal Cavity ◽

General Anaesthesia ◽

Nasal Mucosa ◽

Foreign Bodies ◽

Mucosal Injury ◽

Outpatient Setting ◽

Superabsorbent Polymer ◽

Runny Nose ◽

Nasal Cavities

Abstract Objective To summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of superabsorbent polymer balls as nasal foreign bodies in children. Methods We retrospectively analysed the clinical data concerning 12 cases of superabsorbent polymer balls as nasal foreign bodies in children and summarized the corresponding clinical features, methods of diagnoses and treatment, and prognoses. Results Twelve children with superabsorbent polymer balls as foreign bodies in their nasal cavities presented with relatively severe symptoms, such as congestion, runny nose, and nasal swelling. When such foreign bodies stay in the nasal cavity for a prolonged period, patients may suffer from general discomfort, such as agitation, poor appetite and high fever. Most of the children had to undergo nasal endoscopy under general anaesthesia to have the foreign bodies completely removed. An intraoperative examination revealed significant mucosal injury within the nasal cavity. With regular follow-up visits and adequate interventions, all the patients recovered. Conclusion The longer superabsorbent polymer balls remain in the nasal cavity, the more damaged the nasal mucosa will be. It is challenging to remove such foreign bodies in the outpatient setting. Transnasal endoscopy under general anaesthesia appears to be safer and more effective in such cases. Since the nasal mucosa is injured to varying degrees, postoperative follow-up and treatment are equally important for preventing the occurrence of complications.

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Marine mammals are natural hosts of Oceanivirga salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen of Atlantic salmon

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms ◽

10.3354/dao03478 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 161-174

Author(s):

R Palmer ◽

GTA Fleming ◽

S Glaeser ◽

T Semmler ◽

A Flamm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽

Striped Dolphin ◽

Natural Hosts

During 1992 and 1993, a bacterial disease occurred in a seawater Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farm, causing serious mortalities. The causative agent was subsequently named as Oceanivirga salmonicida, a member of the Leptotrichiaceae. Searches of 16S rRNA gene sequence databases have shown sequence similarities between O. salmonicida and uncultured bacterial clones from the digestive tracts of marine mammals. In the current study, oral samples were taken from stranded dolphins (common dolphin Delphinus delphis, striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba) and healthy harbour seals Phoca vitulina. A bacterium with growth characteristics consistent with O. salmonicida was isolated from a common dolphin. The isolate was confirmed as O. salmonicida, by comparisons to the type strain, using 16S rRNA gene, gyrB, groEL, and recA sequence analyses, average nucleotide identity analysis, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Metagenomic analysis indicated that the genus Oceanivirga represented a significant component of the oral bacterial microbiomes of the dolphins and seals. However, sequences consistent with O. salmonicida were only found in the dolphin samples. Analyses of marine mammal microbiome studies in the NCBI databases showed sequences consistent with O. salmonicida from the common dolphin, striped dolphin, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, and harbour seal. Sequences from marine environmental studies in the NCBI databases showed no sequences consistent with O. salmonicida. The findings suggest that several species of marine mammals are natural hosts of O. salmonicida.

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Malignant melanoma of nasal mucosa, ethmoid and frontal sinuses endoscopically resected in the combined transnasal and trans-paralateronasal approach

ORL ro ◽

10.26416/orl.32.3.2016.152 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

Bogdan Mocanu ◽

Daniel Mirea ◽

Silviu Oprescu ◽

Anca Vișan ◽

Mihai Tușaliu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Malignant Melanoma ◽

Nasal Obstruction ◽

Nasal Mucosa ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Subtotal Resection ◽

External Nose ◽

Frontal Process ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

Frontal Sinuses

Introduction. The primitive malignant melanoma of nasal mucosa and paranasal sinus is a rare tumor of uncertain etiology, with unpredictable biologic behavior and bad prognosis. Unlike skin melanomas, there are no risk factors and the disease is frequently manifested in older patients, whose clinical otorhinolaryngology complaints are normally non-specific and ranges from nasal obstruction to rhinorrhea and epistaxis. Unfortunately, this disease is diagnosed basically in advanced stages which makes the surgery difficult. Objective. To report a case of primitive malignant melanoma of nasal mucosa, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, that was diagnosed in 2015. It was performed a subtotal resection in another hospital in 24.08.2015, with a large local reccurence. Report. Our patient was a 78-year-old woman with bilateral nasal obstruction, light epistaxis and unilateral rhinorrhea. The ENT, CT and MRI exams showed a tumour with important, invasion of the nasal cavity structures (billateral nasal bones, left frontal process of the maxilla, the superior midpoint of the nasal septum, bilateral middle and superior turbinates, left ethmoid and bilateral frontal sinuses). The patient was submited for surgery: total macroscopic resection in the combined endoscopic approach; transnasal and modified lateral rhinotomy with titaniul plates reconstruction of the external nose architecture. Conclusions. Malignant melanomas of nasal mucosa are, in general, diagnosed in advanced stages. Their histological characteristics in the mucosa makes difficult the surgical treatment, which is one of the most efficient options, because they are resistant to chemo and radiotherapy. The early diagnosis and a good surgical treatment plan are the best option for this tumor nowadays.

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Tourism affects the behavioural budget of the common dolphin Delphinus sp. in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps07386 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 355 ◽

pp. 287-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

KA Stockin ◽

D Lusseau ◽

V Binedell ◽

N Wiseman ◽

MB Orams

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Common Dolphin ◽

The Common

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Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens--Artiodactyla)

Rhinology Journal ◽

10.4193/rhino09.005 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

S. Grutzenmacher ◽

D.M. Robinson ◽

J. Sevecke ◽

G. Mlynski ◽

A.G. Beule

Keyword(s):

Nasal Cavity ◽

Dead Space ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Middle Turbinate ◽

Inferior Turbinate ◽

Point Of View ◽

Nasal Airflow ◽

Functional Area ◽

External Nose ◽

Human Nose

Background: Knowledge of airflow in animal noses is sparse. Such knowledge could be important for selection of animal models used in environmental studies. From the phylogenetic and ontogenetic point of view, a comparison between the animal and human nose is interesting. Method: Nose models of 5 even-toed ungulate species (he-goat, sheep, cow, roebuck, wild boar) and two humans (new born infant and adult) were examined. Anatomical and physiological features of the nasal cavities of all species were compared. All models were rinsed with water and the flow was visualized for observation. Geometric and rhinoresistometric measurements were then performed. Results and conclusions: Even-toed ungulates have two turbinates directly in the main part of the nasal airflow (respiratory turbinates) and a different number of turbinates in a so-called dead space of the nasal airflow above the nasopharyngeal duct (ethmoidal turbinates). The latter correspond with the upper and middle turbinate in analogy to the human nose. Respiratory turbinates of even-toed ungulates insert immediately behind the external nasal ostium. Thus, the whole nasal cavity acts as a functional area with the exception of a small area acting as dead space only detectable in ruminants, possibly indicating a small evolutionary progress from suinae to bovidae. The shape of the animal nasal cavity is stretched and flat. The airflow runs nearly completely turbulent through the nose. The nasal cavity in the adult human is relatively short and high. The area between the external nasal ostium and the head of the inferior turbinate is called inflow area. It distributes the airflow over the whole nasal cross section and generates a turbulent flow. So the airflow is prepared to contact the mucosa in the functional area (turbinate area). The morphology of the inflow area is approximately formed by the shape of the external nose. The nasal cavity of a newborn child is also stretched and flat and more similar to the nasal shape of the investigated animals. The inflow area in the newborn nose is not yet developed and corresponds with the growing external newborn nose. One can hypothesize that the inflow area in human noses is a morphological adaptation in the changed length-height-ratio of the nasal cavity.

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Palatal flap in bilateral inferior partial maxillectomy

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2020-239006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. e239006

Author(s):

Daniel Sathiya Sundaram Selvaraj ◽

Pranay Gaikwad ◽

Jagadish Ebenezer

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Nasal Cavity ◽

Local Flap ◽

Form And Function ◽

Nasal Cavities ◽

And Function ◽

Palatine Artery

Maxillectomy is done for a variety of disease conditions. Reconstruction following maxillectomy is done to restore the form and function. One of the important goals that are to be achieved in reconstruction is the separation of the oral and nasal cavities. In this article, we report the use of palatal flap by preserving the descending palatine artery during bilateral inferior partial maxillectomy, for separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. This technique eliminates the need for an obturator or another free or local flap for this purpose.

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