scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Typologies of Animal Abuse Recorded by the SPCA, Hong Kong

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Amanda Whitfort ◽  
Fiona Woodhouse ◽  
Shuping Ho ◽  
Marsha Chun
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
Animal Rescue ◽  
Animal Number ◽  
Cruelty To Animals

We conducted a retrospective study of 254 suspected cruelty offences recorded by the Hong Kong Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) between January 2013 and December 2019. Cases were categorised into four types of abuse: active maltreatment, passive neglect, commercial exploitation and hoarding. Attributes of defendants, relationship with the owner of the animal (where the owner was not the defendant) and the circumstances of the abuse (species of animal, number of animals involved, type of harm, need for medical care, number of animals seized) were recorded for each case. The majority of prosecuted cases involved traumatic physical injury to dogs, with 30% causing the death of animals. The second most common type of harm prosecuted was neglect, with 27% of cases causing death. The majority of neglect cases involved dogs abandoned inside private premises without food/water. The median number of animals hoarded was 47, with dogs the most common species. The majority of hoarders had collected their animals from strays. The largest hoarding cases (>100 animals) were operating as animal rescue shelters. Strategies to address cruelty to animals in Hong Kong can be informed by an understanding of which species are at greater risk of harm and in what circumstances this harm might occur.

scholarly journals Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Grzegocka ◽  
Paweł Krzyściak ◽  
Anna Hille-Padalis ◽  
Jolanta E. Loster ◽  
Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Orthodontic Therapy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Conventional Brackets ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. T heir complicated construction greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could be a reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess Candida prevalence and role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy. Further aim was to characterize isolated yeasts according to their ability to biofilm formation.Methods: Seventeen participants (average age 17 ± 7 years) were monitored by taking oral rinses, elastomeric ligatures samples and evaluation of Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) before and after placement of orthodontic conventional brackets for 12 weeks. Isolated yeasts w ere counted and biofilm formation was evaluated.Results: One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were Candida-carriers (2 were colonized after bracket placement) and C. albicans was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study but in general with an upward trend (adj. R2 = 0.7967, p = 0.07025). The correlation of median number of yeasts with periodontal indexes (API, GBI) was found. I n Candida-carries average API values decreased (adj. R 2 = 0.95; p = 0.01709), while in non- Candida -carriers average GBI values increased (adj. R 2 = 0.92; p = 0.0256).Conclusions: Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes Candida yeast colonization which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with domination of C. albicans, without an increased biofilm-forming activity. In carriers, the API value decreases over time, and in non-colonized patients the GBI value increases – which may have a predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.

scholarly journals Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Grzegocka ◽  
Paweł Krzyściak ◽  
Anna Hille-Padalis ◽  
Jolanta E. Loster ◽  
Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Orthodontic Therapy ◽  
Oral Candidosis ◽  
Conventional Brackets ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. The complex construction of such brackets greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could act as reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis. The aim of this study was to assess Candida prevalence and the role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy. A further aim was to characterize the isolated yeasts according to their ability to form biofilms. Methods Seventeen participants (average age 17 ± 7 years) were monitored by taking oral rinses and elastomeric ligature samples, and by evaluating the approximal plaque index (API) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) before and after placement of the orthodontic conventional brackets for 12 weeks. Isolated yeasts were counted and biofilm formation was evaluated. Results One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were Candida-carriers (two were colonized after bracket placement) and C. albicans was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study, but in general had an upward trend (adj. R2 = 0.7967, p = 0.07025). A correlation was found between median number of yeasts and the periodontal indices (API, GBI). The average API values decreased in the Candida-carriers (adj. R2 = 0.95; p = 0.01709), while average GBI values increased in the noncarriers (adj. R2 = 0.92; p = 0.0256). Conclusions Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes Candida yeast colonization, which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with dominance of C. albicans, and without increased biofilm-forming activity. The API value decreases over time in carriers, and the GBI value increases in uncolonized patients, which may have predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.

scholarly journals Comparative reproductive biology of the six species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) in Hong Kong, South China

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai-chit Ng ◽  
Richard T Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
South China ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Visitation Rate

Six rhododendron species grow wild in Hong Kong: Rhododendron farrerae Tate and Rhododendron simsii Planch. are common and widespread, Rhododendron moulmainense Hook. f. is restricted, and Rhododendron championiae Hook. f., Rhododendron hongkongense Hutch., and Rhododendron simiarum Hance are rare. The length and timing of the flowering period varied between species, but peak flowering for all was between late February and early May, when weather is variable and unpredictable. All species were more or less self-sterile, had sucrose-dominated nectar, and were visited by diverse insects, of which Apis cerana, Bombus eximius, and Xylocopa spp. are the major pollinators. Seeds of all species, except R. simiarum, had a light requirement for germination. There were large differences between species in the pollen/ovule ratio (176-1343), daily nectar production (0.9-38.7 µL per flower), large bee visits (0.35-4.28 per flower per 100 h) and total visits (0.92-14.53), mean seed production per flower (2-135) and per plant (100 - 14 800), and mean seed weight (0.11-0.45 mg). The large-bee visitation rate was significantly correlated across species with mean daily nectar production and mean seed set. The two common species had the smallest flowers, lowest nectar production, lowest pollen/ovule ratios, fewest large bee visitors, and produced fewest seeds.Key words: breeding system, China, pollination, rarity, Rhododendron, seeds.

Habitat Complexity Influences the Microhabitat Choices of Desert Beetles

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Bartholomew ◽  
Karim Ebeid
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Microhabitat Preference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Artificial Vegetation

We present a model for prey survivorship varying with average space size/prey width (Sp/Py) and total cover within an area (Ct/At), which are habitat complexity indices. The model predicts that prey survivorship is maximized at intermediate Sp/Py values, such that prey can fit through the spaces in a habitat, but their larger predators cannot. The model also predicts that prey survivorship increases with increasing cover (Ct/At), which interferes with predators' ability to detect prey. We deployed high-, medium-, and low-complexity artificial vegetation treatments with pit traps to determine if desert beetles respond to differences in habitat complexity consistent with our model's predictions for prey survivorship. We also deployed pit traps in natural vegetation and open sand to determine beetle microhabitat preference. The median number of both large and small beetles was higher in natural vegetation compared with open sand. The median number of large beetles was significantly higher in medium-complexity artificial treatments compared with both low- and high-complexity treatments.Prionotheca coronata, a common species of large beetle, was excluded from the high complexity treatments, as Sp/Py was <1 for them. This demonstrates that high-complexity habitats may exclude larger fauna, reducing community diversity. There was no difference in the mean number of small beetles captured in the different artificial complexity treatments. The results for large beetles are consistent with our model. Small beetles' distribution may be "predator-independent" since they did not respond to differences in complexity.

scholarly journals Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Grzegocka ◽  
Paweł Krzyściak ◽  
Anna Hille-Padalis ◽  
Jolanta E. Loster ◽  
Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Appliance ◽  
Orthodontic Therapy ◽  
Oral Candidosis ◽  
Conventional Brackets ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. The complex construction of such brackets greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could act as reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis. The aim of this study was to assess Candida prevalence and the role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy. A further aim was to characterize the isolated yeasts according to their ability to form biofilms. Methods: Seventeen participants (average age 17 ± 7 years) were monitored by taking oral rinses and elastomeric ligature samples, and by evaluating the approximal plaque index (API) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) before and after placement of the orthodontic conventional brackets for twelve weeks. Isolated yeasts were counted and biofilm formation was evaluated. Results: One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were Candida-carriers (two were colonized after bracket placement) and C. albicans was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study, but in general had an upward trend (adj. R2 = 0.7967, p = 0.07025). A correlation was found between median number of yeasts and the periodontal indices (API, GBI). The average API values decreased in the Candida-carriers (adj. R2 = 0.95; p = 0.01709), while average GBI values increased in the noncarriers (adj. R2 = 0.92; p = 0.0256). Conclusions: Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes Candida yeast colonization, which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with dominance of C. albicans, and without increased biofilm-forming activity. The API value decreases over time in carriers, and the GBI value increases in uncolonized patients, which may have predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.

Tree–Habitat Relationships in Urban Hong Kong

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Yung Jim
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tree Habitat

Trees, as welcome and necessary components of Nature and functional landscape elements in cities, provide a worth-while theme for applied ecological study. Of the different approaches, the micro-scale evaluations of tree—habitat interactions can throw light on practical tree management. The roadside trees in Hong Kong, generally dwelling in a stressful physical and physiological environment, have been surveyed in detail in the field with regard to species composition, tree structure, tree defects, and habitat characteristics.Despite a diversified floristic composition, the street-tree population is dominated by a small number of common species, of which 12 have been chosen for in-depth evaluations. The recent emphasis on exotic and fast-growing species with limited final dimensions will modify the treescape in the long run. Many existing large specimens have been sacrificed to urban redevelopments. The differential performance of different species with reference to the occurrence of defects has been interpreted. Almost all the trees are inflicted by some structural or physiological problems, and large trees are practically collectors of diverse maladies.The urban tree habitats of Hong Kong are characterized by gravely cramped and stressful conditions from the soil-level upwards and especially as regards headroom. Tree-habitat correlations and associations suggest a need to plant rapid-growing, tall but narrow-canopied species that are able to resist a maximum proportion of the inevitable tree defects and diseases. The shortage of good-quality habitats with space for tree-growth, and the accompanying unfavourable ecological niches, are crucial factors for tree existence. The prospects of street trees in the long-term urban planning and upgrading for environmental quality, with special reference to the provision and preservation of proper habitats, are elaborated, with Hong Kong as a practical example.

Physical Cruelty Toward Animals in Massachusetts, 1975-1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter Luke ◽  
Arnold Arluke
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cruelty To Animals ◽  
Common Target

AbstractThis article describes the nature of animal abuse and the response of the criminal justice system to all cruelty cases prosecuted by the Massachusetts Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals between 1975 and 1996. Dogs were the most common target; when combined with cats, these domestic animals composed the vast majority of incidents. Almost all of these animals were owned, and females were the majority of complainants. Suspects were almost always young males, and most of the time they allegedly shot, beat, stabbed, or threw their victims. Reportedly, adults were more likely than minors to abuse dogs, shoot them, and commit such acts alone rather than in a group, while minors were more likely to abuse cats, beat them, and commit such acts with peers present. Less than half of the alleged abusers were found guilty in court, one-third were fined, less than one-quarter had to pay restitution, one-fifth were put on probation, one-tenth were sent to jail, and an even smaller percent were required to undergo counseling or perform community service.

Erythrophagocytosis in the Liver in Hemolytic Anemias

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
O. T. Minick ◽  
E. Orfei ◽  
F. Volini ◽  
G. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Fragments ◽  
Reticulo Endothelial System ◽  
Important Site

Hemolytic anemias were produced in rats by administering phenylhydrazine or anti-erythrocytic (rooster) serum, the latter having agglutinin and hemolysin titers exceeding 1:1000.Following administration of phenylhydrazine, the erythrocytes undergo oxidative damage and are removed from the circulation by the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, predominantly by the spleen. With increasing dosage or if animals are splenectomized, the Kupffer cells become an important site of sequestration and are greatly hypertrophied. Whole red cells are the most common type engulfed; they are broken down in digestive vacuoles, as shown by the presence of acid phosphatase activity (Fig. 1). Heinz body material and membranes persist longer than native hemoglobin. With larger doses of phenylhydrazine, erythrocytes undergo intravascular fragmentation, and the particles phagocytized are now mainly red cell fragments of varying sizes (Fig. 2).

Ultrastructural diagnosis of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
S. Siew
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Abdominal Discomfort ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Peritoneal Implant ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis ◽  
Malignant Neoplasia

Mesothelial cells constitute the lining of the three serous sacs of the body i.e. the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. The more common type of malignant neoplasia of the serous sacs is seeding by metastatic tumors and primary malignancy of the mesothelium is unusual. Of the three sacs, the pleura is the most common site of malignant mesothelioma. Involvement of the peritoneum is extremely rare.We report 3 cases of malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. All of them were female. Their ages were 57, 67 and 72 years, respectively. The patients presented with abdominal discomfort and/or ascites. The extent of the tumors ranged from a peritoneal implant to widespread infiltration of the peritoneum and omentum. Histologic examination in Case 1 showed the presence of a diffusely infiltrating papillary mesothelioma without a sarcomatoid component. A mesodermal element was present in the other two cases. In order to establish a morphological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma, the possibility has to be excluded of a metastatic adenocarcinoma.

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