scholarly journals Evaluation of a Tasteless Enrofloxacin Pharmaceutical Preparation for Cats. Naive Pooled-Sample Approach to Study Its Pharmacokinetics

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2312
Author(s):  
Lilia Gutierrez ◽  
Graciela Tapia ◽  
Eduardo Gutierrez ◽  
Hector Sumano
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Oral Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Plasma Profile ◽  
Pooled Sample

Available pharmaceutical preparations of enrofloxacin injected SC or IM to cats are likely to cause adverse tissue reactions in the injection sites (pH of the drug preparations is ≥10.4). Tablets often induce abundant ptyalism and vomiting, casting doubt on the efficacy of the drug administration maneuver. In addition, the reported oral bioavailability is very low. In this trial, the oral pharmacokinetics of dried alginate beads of enrofloxacin (DABE) administered by concealing them in the cat’s moist food or morsels, is described. A naïve polled sampling approach was chosen with fourteen adult healthy cats. Neither their housing nor their feeding habits were altered. A single pharmacokinetic profile was obtained with 5 samples per designated bleeding time, sampling each cat 2–3 times only. None of the cats rejected their medicated food or morsels. Plasma profile of enrofloxacin exhibited an AUC0–24 value of 12.4 µg·h/mL and an AUC0–∞ value of 19.2 µg·h/mL, which are comparatively greater than values previously referred for kittens. In contrast, λ and elimination t½ were almost identical (0.12 1/h and 6.1 h). Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ratios taking the breakpoint of Staphylococcus epidermidis as a surrogate (0.5 µg/mL), can be regarded as borderline or low, but perhaps adequate in cats, as higher concentrations may be linked to toxicity (AUC0–24/MIC = 24.8; Cmax/MIC = 4.6).

Significance of In-Vitro and In-Vivo Correlation in Drug Delivery System

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-531
Author(s):  
Hina Mumtaz ◽  
Muhammad Asim Farooq ◽  
Zainab Batool ◽  
Anam Ahsan ◽  
Ashikujaman Syed
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Form Development

The main purpose of development pharmaceutical dosage form is to find out the in vivo and in vitro behavior of dosage form. This challenge is overcome by implementation of in-vivo and in-vitro correlation. Application of this technique is economical and time saving in dosage form development. It shortens the period of development dosage form as well as improves product quality. IVIVC reduce the experimental study on human because IVIVC involves the in vivo relevant media utilization in vitro specifications. The key goal of IVIVC is to serve as alternate for in vivo bioavailability studies and serve as justification for bio waivers. IVIVC follows the specifications and relevant quality control parameters that lead to improvement in pharmaceutical dosage form development in short period of time. Recently in-vivo in-vitro correlation (IVIVC) has found application to predict the pharmacokinetic behaviour of pharmaceutical preparations. It has emerged as a reliable tool to find the mode of absorption of several dosage forms. It is used to correlate the in-vitro dissolution with in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. IVIVC made use to predict the bioavailability of the drug of particular dosage form. IVIVC is satisfactory for the therapeutic release profile specifications of the formulation. IVIVC model has capability to predict plasma drug concentration from in vitro dissolution media.

scholarly journals Stability indicating HPLC-Fluorescence detection method for the simultaneous determination of linagliptin and empagliflozin in their combined pharmaceutical preparation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Mohamed Rizk ◽  
Ali Kamal Attia ◽  
Heba Yosry Mohamed ◽  
Mona Elshahed
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Forced Degradation ◽  
Stability Indicating ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Significant Difference

A sensitive, accurate, and precise liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of Linagliptin (LNG) and Empagliflozin (EMP) in their combined tablets. Chromatographic separation was carried out on ODS-3 Inertsil® C18 column (150×4.6 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase A (consisting of 0.30% Triethyl amine buffer (TEA) at pH = 4.5, adjusted using ortho-phosphoric acid); the mobile phase B (consisting of acetonitrile) was pumped through the column whose temperature was maintained at 40 °C, with a flow rate 1.7 mL/min, using gradient elution from 0-3 min A:B (75:25, v:v), then from 3-6 min the ratio changed to be A:B (60:40, v:v). Fluorescence detection (FLD) was performed at 410 nm after excitation at 239 nm. Acceptable linearity, accuracy and precision values of the proposed method were found over the concentration ranges of 0.5-15 µg/mL for LNG and 1.0-30 µg/mL for EMP with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9998 in the case of LNG and EMP, respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviations percentages were found in the following ranges: 98.56-101.85 and 0.53-1.52% for LNG and 98.00-101.95 and 0.31-1.05% for EMP. The detection and quantification limits were 0.15 and 0.45 µg/mL for LNG and 0.22 and 0.67 µg/mL for EMP. The optimized method was validated and proved to be specific, robust, accurate and reliable for the determination of the drugs in pure form or in their combined pharmaceutical preparations. No significant difference was found regarding accuracy and precision upon statistical comparison between the obtained results of the proposed method and those of the reported method. Furthermore, the proposed method is proved to be a stability-indicating assay after exposure of the studied drugs to variable forced degradation parameters, such as acidic, alkaline and oxidative conditions, according to the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The simplicity and selectivity of the proposed method allows its use in quality control laboratories.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Application of a New Thiazolylazo Reagent for Cloud Point Extraction and Determination of Cobalt in Pharmaceutical Preparations

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1304-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Terumi Yamaki ◽  
Luana Sena Nunes ◽  
Hygor Rodrigues De Oliveira ◽  
André S Araújo ◽  
Marcos Almeida Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Point ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Preconcentration Procedure ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the reagent 2-(5-bromothiazolylazo)-4-chlorophenol and its application in the development of a preconcentration procedure for cobalt determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction is presented. This procedure is based on cobalt complexing and entrapment of the metal chelates into micelles of a surfactant-rich phase of Triton X-114. The preconcentration procedure was optimized by using a response surface methodology through the application of the Box-Behnken matrix. Under optimum conditions, the procedure determined the presence of cobalt with an LOD of 2.8 μg/L and LOQ of 9.3 μg/L. The enrichment factor obtained was 25. The precision was evaluated as the RSD, which was 5.5% for 10 μg/L cobalt and 6.9% for 30 μg/L. The accuracy of the procedure was assessed by comparing the results with those found using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. After validation, the procedure was applied to the determination of cobalt in pharmaceutical preparation samples containing cobalamin (vitamin B12).

scholarly journals Automatic continuous on-line monitoring of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceuticals

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. López Fernández ◽  
M. D. Luque de Castro ◽  
M. Valcárcel
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dissolution Test ◽  
On Line

An asymmetrical FIA merging-zones manifold based on the dual injection of two sample microvolumes was developed for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in pharmaceutical preparations at a sampling frequency of 30/h. The complex formed between the Fe(III) reagent continuously introduced in the system and salicylic acid was monitored photometrically at 520 nm. One of the sample plugs was prehydrolysed on injection into an NaOH stream and was circulated through a longer channel than the other plug. This yielded two FIA peaks corresponding to salicylic acid and the overall content, respectively. The proposed manifold was successfully used to control the dissolution test of a pharmaceutical preparation.

A Method for the Determination of Atropine in Pharmaceutical Preparation Using CE-ECL

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xiang ◽  
Xiao Dong Yang ◽  
Ying Gao
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Determination Method ◽  
Analyte Concentration ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Sensitive Determination

In this paper, a sensitive determination method for atropine based on end-column electrochemiluminescence of tris (2,2’-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) detection is described. The conditions affecting separation and detection were investigated. Favorable ECL intensity of atropine was achieved in a solution consisting 5 mmol/L Ru (bpy)32+ and 50 mmol/L phosphate at applied voltage of 1.20V. The standard curve was linear between 1 and 20 μmol/L for atropine. The calibration equation and regression coefficients were: y = 128.38x−36.76 and R = 0.998 in terms of peak height response as a function of analyte concentration. A detection limit of 5×10−8 mol/L (S/N= 3) was achieved. The proposed method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of atropine in three pharmaceutical preparations.

scholarly journals Development of coated beads for oral controlled delivery of cefaclor: In vitro evaluation

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bazigha K. Abdul ◽  
Sahar A. Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Plasma Profile

The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize coated chitosan-alginate beads containing cefaclor as a controlled release delivery system. Coated cefaclor beads were prepared by solvent evaporation techniques. Beads were found to be intact and spherical in shape. Their size range was 1.05 to 2.06. The loading efficiency showed maximum value when the concentration of cefaclor, chitosan and PEG 400 was 10 % (m/V), 0.5 % (m/V) and 2 % (V/V), respectively. Best retardation of cefaclor release from chitosan-alginate beads was achieved by coating with 15 % of shellac in formula F19. A significant antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed for formula F19 compared to the standard antibiotic disc. Furthermore, the simulated plasma profile showed the superiority of F19 in sustaining drug release for more than 12 h. Therefore, shellac coated chitosan-alginate beads could be considered a successful controlled release oral cefaclor dosage form.

Determination of amino acids in jams, fruits and pharmaceutical preparations by gas chromatography using trifluoroacetylacetone and ethylchloroformate as derivatizing reagents

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 3148-3156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Majidano ◽  
M. Y. Khuhawar ◽  
R. A. Zounr ◽  
A. H. Channar ◽  
T. M. Jahangir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Flame Ionization Detection ◽  
Ionization Detection ◽  
Flame Ionization

A gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection procedure was used to determine amino acids in a pharmaceutical preparation (Aminess N tablets), jams, juices and a vegetable.

Optimisation and validation of liquid chromatographic and partial least-squares-1 methods for simultaneous determination of enalapril maleate and nitrendipine in pharmaceutical preparations

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Caglayan ◽  
Ismail Palabiyik ◽  
Mustafa Bor ◽  
Feyyaz Onur
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Partial Least Squares ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Enalapril Maleate ◽  
Nm Range

AbstractSimultaneous determination of enalapril maleate (ENA) and nitrendipine (NIT) in pharmaceutical preparations was performed using liquid chromatography (LC) and the partial least-squares-1 (PLS-1) method. In LC, the separation was achieved on a C8 column and the optimum mobile phase for good separation in a gradient elution programme was found to be acetonitrile-water (φ r = 81: 19) and optimum flow-rate, temperature, injection volume, and detection wavelength were set at 1.0 mL min−1, 25°C, 10 μL, and 210 nm, respectively. Dienogest was selected as an internal standard. In the spectrophotometry, a PLS-1 chemometric method was used. The absorbance data matrix related to the concentration data matrix was established by measurement of absorbances in their zero order spectra with an increment of Δλ = 1 nm in the 220–290 nm range for ENA and with Δλ = 1 nm in the 230–290 nm range for NIT in the PLS-1 method. Following this step, calibration was established by using this data matrix to predict the unknown concentrations of ENA and NIT in their binary mixture. These optimised methods were validated and successfully applied to a pharmaceutical preparation in tablet form and the results were subjected to comparison.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric and High-Performance Column Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Dienogest and Estradiol Valerate in Pharmaceutical Preparations

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Gökhan Çağlayan ◽  
Ismail Murat Palabiyik ◽  
Feyyaz Onur
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Concentration Data

Abstract Simultaneous determination of dienogest (DIE) and estradiol valerate (EST) in sugar-coated tablets was performed by using HPLC and spectrophotometry. In HPLC, the separation was achieved on an ACE C8 column using the mobile phase acetonitrileNH4NO3 (0.03 M, pH 5.4; 70 + 30, v/v) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 280 nm, and cyproterone acetate was selected as an internal standard. The linearity range was 3.045.0 g/mL for DIE and 18.0100.0 g/mL for EST. As spectrophotometric methods, two chemometric methods, principal component regression and partial least-squares, were developed. In the chemometric techniques, the concentration data matrix was prepared by using mixtures containing these drugs in methanolwater (3 + 1, v/v). The absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix in these methods was obtained by the measurement of absorbances in their zero-order spectra; then, the calibration was obtained by using the data matrix for the prediction of unknown concentrations of DIE and EST in their binary mixture. Working ranges were found as 2.024.0 g/mL for DIE and 20.0270.0 g/mL EST in the methods. These three developed methods were validated and successfully applied to a pharmaceutical preparation, a sugar-coated tablet, and the results were compared with each other.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON STUDY OF HAIR TONIC AND GEL FORMULATION OF ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA AS A HAIR GROWTH STIMULANT

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Resmi Mustarichie ◽  
Dolih - Gozali ◽  
Imam Adi Wicaksono ◽  
FERIS DZAKY RIDWAN NAFIS
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Method Comparison ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Previous research has proven that the water fraction of the Angiopteris evecta root has hair growth activities. The objective of this research was to determine the formula of gel and hair tonic preparations of pakis munding (Angiopteris evecta L.) which met the requirements as a pharmaceutical preparation, good and effective in stimulating hair growth. Methods: Formulation of hair tonic and gel preparations were made using 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 % of A. Evecta root water extracts as active compounds. The formulation of the two preparations was based on the standard formulation method. The evaluation and formulation test were carried out by organoleptic examination and homogeneity, pH, viscosity, scattering power test, stability test, and safety test based on the standard preparations including Indonesian pharmacopeia. Statistical tests were carried out on both formulas against rabbits based on the modification of the Tanaka method. Comparison of statistics on both formulas was also carried out. Results: It was found both formulas fulfill standard requirements as pharmaceutical preparations. Statistically, the best activity in hair tonic preparations was at a concentration of 12.5% and for gels at a concentration of 10.0% ethanol extract seen from measurements of hair length. Statistically, using the Independent T-test to find out the significant differences in the average hair length on hair tonic and gel, it was found there was no significant difference between the two formulas. It was found that the best formula for hair tonic and gel was in the addition of 10.0% and 12.5% extracts, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that both hair tonic and gel formulas of A. evecta root water extract may be used as stimulating hair growth.

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