DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter

Fascioliasis is a disease caused by Fasciola hepatica worldwide transmitted by lymnaeid snails mainly of the Galba/Fossaria group and F. gigantica restricted to parts of Africa and Asia and transmitted by Radix lymnaeids. Concern has recently risen regarding the high pathogenicity and human infection capacity of F. gigantica. Abnormally big-sized fasciolids were found infecting sheep in Ecuador, the only South American country where F. gigantica has been reported. Their phenotypic comparison with F. hepatica infecting sheep from Peru, Bolivia and Spain, and F. gigantica from Egypt and Vietnam demonstrated the Ecuadorian fasciolids to have size-linked parameters of F. gigantica. Genotyping of these big-sized fasciolids by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 and their comparison with other countries proved the big-sized fasciolids to belong to F. hepatica. Neither heterozygotic ITS position differentiated the two species, and no introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA were found. The haplotype diversity indicates introductions mainly from other South American countries, Europe and North America. Big-sized fasciolids from Ecuador and USA are considered to be consequences of F.gigantica introductions by past livestock importations. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as driving force in the evolution in such lineages.

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Molecular evidence shows that the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica is the predominant Fasciola species in ruminants from Pakistan

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x15000176 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 206-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

U. Chaudhry ◽

B. van Paridon ◽

M.Z. Shabbir ◽

M. Shafee ◽

K. Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Fluke ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Fasciola Gigantica ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Human Populations ◽

Rdna Its ◽

Egg Morphology ◽

Specialist Knowledge ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Liver Flukes

AbstractFascioliasis is an important disease affecting livestock, with great costs to producers worldwide. It has also become a serious issue for human populations in some endemic areas as an emerging zoonotic infection. There are two Fasciola species of liver fluke responsible for this disease, which occur worldwide, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Identifying these two species on the basis of adult or egg morphology requires specialist knowledge due to the similarity of characters, and may misidentify putative intermediate or hybrid forms. In this study we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) rDNA of liver flukes collected from multiple species of hosts from seven localities in the Punjab and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan, to determine the distribution of these two species. All 46 flukes processed in this study, collected from seven sites, showed the rDNA ITS-2 genotype corresponding to F. gigantica, contradicting previous reports, based on adult and egg morphology, that both species are present in Pakistan, with F. hepatica being the more common.

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Loose Ends in the Cortinarius Phylogeny: Five New Myxotelamonoid Species Indicate a High Diversity of These Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with South American Nothofagaceae

Life ◽

10.3390/life11050420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 420

Author(s):

María Eugenia Salgado Salomón ◽

Carolina Barroetaveña ◽

Tuula Niskanen ◽

Kare Liimatainen ◽

Matthew E. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Global Scale ◽

South American ◽

Edible Fungi ◽

Rdna Its ◽

Morphological And Molecular Data ◽

High Diversity

This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.

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Cities and News

10.1017/9781108914666 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lila Caimari

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

New World ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

South American ◽

International News ◽

Port Cities ◽

Shape Representations ◽

The World ◽

Current Events ◽

Late Nineteenth

This Element examines urban imaginaries during the expansion of international news between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, when everyday information about faraway places found its way into newspapers all over the world. Building on the premise that news carried an unprecedented power to shape representations of the world, it follows this development as it made its way to regular readers beyond the dominant information poles, in the great port-cities of the South American Atlantic. Based on five case studies of typical turn-of-the-century foreign news, Lila Caimari shows how current events opened windows onto distant cities, feeding a new world horizon that was at once wider and eminently urban.

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Multiple incursion pathways for Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil show its genetic diversity spreading in a connected world

10.1101/762229 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonas A. Arnemann ◽

Stephen H. Roxburgh ◽

Tom Walsh ◽

Jerson V.C. Guedes ◽

Karl H.J. Gordon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Gene Flow ◽

South America ◽

New World ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

South American ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

American Continent ◽

Central Brazil ◽

South American Continent

AbstractThe Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was first detected in Brazil with subsequent reports from Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay. This pattern suggests that the H. armigera spread across the South American continent following incursions into northern/central Brazil, however, this hypothesis has not been tested. Here we compare northern and central Brazilian H. armigera mtDNA COI haplotypes with those from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. We infer spatial genetic and gene flow patterns of this dispersive pest in the agricultural landscape of South America. We show that the spatial distribution of H. armigera mtDNA haplotypes and its inferred gene flow patterns in the southwestern region of South America exhibited signatures inconsistent with a single incursion hypothesis. Simulations on spatial distribution patterns show that the detection of rare and/or the absence of dominant mtDNA haplotypes in southern H. armigera populations are inconsistent with genetic signatures observed in northern and central Brazil. Incursions of H. armigera into the New World are therefore likely to have involved independent events in northern/central Brazil, and southern Brazil/Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay. This study demonstrates the significant biosecurity challenges facing the South American continent, and highlights alternate pathways for introductions of alien species into the New World.

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NEW WORLD LEISHMANIOSIS IN RUSSIAN TOURISTS WHO VISITED SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND THE FIRST EXPERIENCE OF THE TREATMENT WITH PERU BALSAM

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.17816/eid42636 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 106-112

Author(s):

A. M Bronshteyn ◽

N. G Kochergin ◽

N. A Malyshev ◽

V. Ya Lashin ◽

S. V Burova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Health Problem ◽

New World ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

South American ◽

Parasite Resistance ◽

Local Species

Two cases of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired by Russian tourists in Peru and possibly in Bolivia are presented. L. viannia ( L.braziliensis complex) was identified in Liverpool School of Tropical medicine in the patient travelled to Bolivia. The present study aimed to investigate Balsamum peruvianum one of the product of folk medicine of Indians of Amazon region against local species of Leishmania resulted in healing the ulcers. Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem, and the alarming spread of parasite resistance has increased the importance of discovering new therapeutic products.

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Consumer Complaining Behavior: The Case of a South American Country, Chile

Contemporary Management Research ◽

10.7903/cmr.69 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 3-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fredy Valenzuela

Keyword(s):

South American ◽

South American Country ◽

Complaining Behavior ◽

Consumer Complaining Behavior

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Comparing the Effect of Chinese and Japanese Migration Experiences on Peruvian National Identity (中日秘鲁移民秘鲁国家认同的比较研究)

Journal of Chinese Overseas ◽

10.1163/17932548-12341344 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 70-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ñusta Carranza Ko

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Business Model ◽

Transnational Migration ◽

The State ◽

Social Identities ◽

South American ◽

Common Language ◽

South American Country ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Migration Experiences

Research on migration has often characterized migration and the state as being in conflict. International migration does present some challenges to the state in accommodating migrants that bring with them various cultural and social identities. Nonetheless, not all migration experiences can be generalized in dichotomous terms. In this sense, the case of the first South American country to elect a president of Japanese origin and to regard a Chinese migrant-owned supermarket chain as representative of the state’s business model merits closer examination. The experience of Chinese and Japanese migrants in Peru contributes to the literature on transnational migration that regards migrants as both recipients of change and agents that influence a state’s national identity. Through measures such as common language acquisition and the adoption of new cultural traditions, Chinese and Japanese migrants were integrated into Peru and thus influenced some changes in the state’s national identity in a less conflictive way.外来移民给移入国带来不同的文化和社会认同，从而带来一系列挑战。故在现有移民研究中，移民和移入国常被认为处于冲突状态。然而并非所有移民都与移入国文化对立。本文将日裔移民首次当选拉丁美洲国家总统及中国连锁超市成为移入国商业模范作为案例，对此观点进行阐述。本文指出，秘鲁的中国和日本移民在被移入国改变的同时，也影响了移入国的国家认同。中国及日本移民通过语言习得和文化适应融入秘鲁社会，进而通过较为平和的方式给秘鲁的国家认同带来了影响。This article is in English.

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Comparative Analysis of Chlamydia psittaci Genomes Reveals the Recent Emergence of a Pathogenic Lineage with a Broad Host Range

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00604-12 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Timothy D. Read ◽

Sandeep J. Joseph ◽

Xavier Didelot ◽

Brooke Liang ◽

Lisa Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

New World ◽

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Chlamydia Psittaci ◽

South American ◽

Content Type ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Life Threatening ◽

History Of

ABSTRACT Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium. Interest in Chlamydia stems from its high degree of virulence as an intestinal and pulmonary pathogen across a broad range of animals, including humans. C. psittaci human pulmonary infections, referred to as psittacosis, can be life-threatening, which is why the organism was developed as a bioweapon in the 20th century and is listed as a CDC biothreat agent. One remarkable recent result from comparative genomics is the finding of frequent homologous recombination across the genome of the sexually transmitted and trachoma pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. We sought to determine if similar evolutionary dynamics occurred in C. psittaci. We analyzed 20 C. psittaci genomes from diverse strains representing the nine known serotypes of the organism as well as infections in a range of birds and mammals, including humans. Genome annotation revealed a core genome in all strains of 911 genes. Our analyses showed that C. psittaci has a history of frequently switching hosts and undergoing recombination more often than C. trachomatis. Evolutionary history reconstructions showed genome-wide homologous recombination and evidence of whole-plasmid exchange. Tracking the origins of recombinant segments revealed that some strains have imported DNA from as-yet-unsampled or -unsequenced C. psittaci lineages or other Chlamydiaceae species. Three ancestral populations of C. psittaci were predicted, explaining the current population structure. Molecular clock analysis found that certain strains are part of a clonal epidemic expansion likely introduced into North America by South American bird traders, suggesting that psittacosis is a recently emerged disease originating in New World parrots. IMPORTANCE Chlamydia psittaci is classified as a CDC biothreat agent based on its association with life-threatening lung disease, termed psittacosis, in humans. Because of the recent remarkable findings of frequent recombination across the genome of the human sexually transmitted and ocular trachoma pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, we sought to determine if similar evolutionary dynamics occur in C. psittaci. Twenty C. psittaci genomes were analyzed from diverse strains that may play a pathogenic role in human disease. Evolution of the strains revealed genome-wide recombination occurring at a higher rate than for C. trachomatis. Certain strains were discovered to be part of a recent epidemic clonal expansion originating in South America. These strains may have been introduced into the United States from South American bird traders, suggesting that psittacosis is a recently emerged disease originating in New World parrots. Our analyses indicate that C. psittaci strains have a history of frequently switching hosts and undergoing recombination.

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