scholarly journals Garlic (Allium Sativum) Supplementation Improves Respiratory Health but Has Increased Risk of Lower Hematologic Values in Horses

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Markku Saastamoinen ◽  
Susanna Särkijärvi ◽  
Seppo Hyyppä
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tracheal Mucus ◽  
Prolonged Feeding

Garlic (Allium sativum) is claimed to have numerous beneficial properties to the health of humans and animals. It is commonly used for example to treat respiratory diseases and infections in horses’ lungs. However, in addition to its possible positive influences, garlic may also have adverse health effects. The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. To our knowledge, this is the first organized study in controlled conditions to show the health effects of garlic supplementation for horses so far. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW seemed to reduce the amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. Additionally, the number of neutrophil cells in the tracheal mucus was numerically smaller in the garlic supplemented horses. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining Hb, HcT and RBC values during an 83-day study period. Consequently, it is possible that even low garlic supplementation levels can be detrimental to the horse’s hematology when the supplementation period is long.

scholarly journals An overview of the adverse effects of cannabis use for Canadian physicians

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. E17-E34
Author(s):  
Heather Leduc-Pessah ◽  
Samuel K. Jensen ◽  
Christopher Newell
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Increased Risk

Purpose: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance and one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the world, preceded only by alcohol, tobacco and caffeine. Recent changes in legislation regarding cannabis use in Canada and potential upcoming changes worldwide may have a further impact on the prevalence of cannabis use. Thus, it is critical to understand the risks and potential adverse health effects of acute and long-term cannabis use. Current literature is lacking in many areas surrounding cannabis use, and for the most part is unable to provide clear associations once confounding variables are considered. Here we provide a general overview of the history of cannabis, the physical and mental health consequences, and the risks to specific groups. Source: A scoping search of published articles in PubMed from the start date (1946) until 2018. Principal finding: Current evidence supports an association between cannabis use and mild respiratory and cardiac effects, but no clear increased risk of cancer. Psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and anxiety, show associations with cannabis use; however, a causal effect of cannabis use is unclear. While no evidence for increased risk in pregnancy has been found, risk is still undetermined. Youth may be at a greater risk as earlier initiation of use increases the risk of adverse health effects. Conclusion: Overall, evidence for direct and long-term adverse effects of cannabis use is minimal and additional longitudinal studies will be required to better delineate unidentified effects.

scholarly journals Cleaning products and respiratory health outcomes in occupational cleaners: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-106776
Author(s):  
Olia Archangelidi ◽  
Sean Sathiyajit ◽  
Dario Consonni ◽  
Debbie Jarvis ◽  
Sara De Matteis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Lung Function Decline ◽  
Cleaning Products ◽  
Increased Risk

There is consistent evidence of increased respiratory symptoms in occupational cleaners; however, uncertainty remains on type of respiratory health effects, underlying causal agents, mechanisms and respiratory phenotypes. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and if possible, a meta-analysis of the available literature to characterise and quantify the cleaning-related respiratory health effects. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and included studies that evaluated the association of any respiratory health outcome with exposure to cleaning occupation or products in occupational cleaners. A modified GRADE was used to appraise the quality of included studies. We retrieved 1124 articles, and after applying our inclusion criteria, 39 were selected for the systematic review. We performed a meta-analysis of the 21 studies evaluating asthma which showed a 50% increased pooled relative risk in cleaners (meta-relative risk (RR)=1.50; 95% CI 1.44 to 1.56). Population-based cross-sectional studies showed more stable associations with asthma risk. No evidence of atopic asthma as dominant phenotype emerged. Also, we estimated a 43% increased risk (meta-RR=1.43; 95% CI 1.31 to 1.56) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evidence for associations with bronchial-hyper-responsiveness, lung function decline, rhinitis, upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms was weaker. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that working as a cleaner is associated with an increased risk of reversible and even irreversible obstructive airway diseases. All studies lacked quantitative exposure assessment to cleaning products; this would help elucidate underlying causal agents and mechanisms. Exposure control and respiratory surveillance among cleaners is warranted to prevent the associated respiratory health burden. Trial registration number: CRD4201705915.

scholarly journals Association between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Semczuk-Kaczmarek ◽  
Anna Rys-Czaporowska ◽  
Janusz Sierdzinski ◽  
Lukasz Dominik Kaczmarek ◽  
Filip Marcin Szymanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Official Data

AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the world unevenly. One of the highest numbers of cases were recorded in the most polluted regions worldwide. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 include diabetes, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. It has been known that the same disease might be worsened by chronic exposure to air pollution. The study aimed to determine whether long-term average exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Poland. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for each voivodeship (the main administrative level of jurisdictions) in Poland were collected from March 4, 2020, to May 15, 2020. Based on the official data published by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection voivodeship-level long-term exposure to main air pollution: PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 (averaged from 2013 to 2018) was established. There were statistically significant correlation between COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 population) and annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.367, p = 0.016), PM10 (R2 = 0.415, p = 0.009), SO2 (R2 = 0.489, p = 0.003), and O3 (R2 = 0.537, p = 0.0018). Moreover, COVID-19 deaths (per 100,000 population) were associated with annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.290, p = 0.038), NO2 (R2 = 0.319, p = 0.028), O3 (R2 = 0.452, p = 0.006). The long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3 seems to play an essential role in COVID-19 prevalence and mortality. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase the susceptibility to the infection, exacerbates the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and worsens the patients’ prognosis. The study provides generalized and possible universal trends. Detailed analyzes of the phenomenon dedicated to a given region require taking into account data on comorbidities and socioeconomic variables as well as information about the long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 cases and deaths at smaller administrative level of jurisdictions (community or at least district level).

scholarly journals Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Jong-Tae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health

There is a growing body of literature on the adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. Children are more adversely affected by air pollution due to their biological susceptibility and exposure patterns. This review summarized the accumulated epidemiologic evidence with emphasis on studies conducted in Korea and heterogeneity in the literature. Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is consistent evidence on the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and children’s health, especially respiratory health and adverse birth outcomes, and growing evidence on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Despite these existing studies, the mechanism of the adverse health effects of air pollution and the critical window of susceptibility remain unclear. There is also a need to identify causes of heterogeneity between studies in terms of measurement of exposure/outcome, study design, and the differential characteristics of air pollutants and population.

scholarly journals Long-term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 2319-2329
Author(s):  
Thomas Schupp ◽  
Georg Damm ◽  
Heidi Foth ◽  
Alexius Freyberger ◽  
Thomas Gebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health

scholarly journals Long-term respiratory health effects of the herbicide, paraquat, among workers in the Western Cape

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Dalvie ◽  
N. White ◽  
R. Raine ◽  
J. E. Myers ◽  
L. London ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Western Cape

Exposures associated with clandestine methamphetamine drug laboratories in Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Wright ◽  
John Edwards ◽  
Stewart Walker
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Key Issues

AbstractThe clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine in residential homes may represent significant hazards and exposures not only to those involved in the manufacture of the drugs but also to others living in the home (including children), neighbours and first responders to the premises. These hazards are associated with the nature and improper storage and use of precursor chemicals, intermediate chemicals and wastes, gases and methamphetamine residues generated during manufacture and the drugs themselves. Many of these compounds are persistent and result in exposures inside a home not only during manufacture but after the laboratory has been seized or removed. Hence new occupants of buildings formerly used to manufacture methamphetamine may be unknowingly exposed to these hazards. Children are most susceptible to these hazards and evidence is available in the literature to indicate that these exposures may result in immediate and long-term adverse health effects. The assessment of exposure within the home can be undertaken by measuring contaminant levels or collecting appropriate biological data from individuals exposed. To gain a better understanding of the available data and key issues associated with these approaches to the characterisation of exposure, a review of the published literature has been undertaken.

scholarly journals A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja M. Bendtsen ◽  
Elizabeth Bengtsen ◽  
Anne T. Saber ◽  
Ulla Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Diesel Exhaust Particles ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Exhaust Particles

Abstract Background Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. Method In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. Results Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. Conclusion We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.

scholarly journals A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Angione ◽  
Heather McClenaghan ◽  
Ashley LaPlante
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Global Statistics ◽  
Year 2000

Background: Chlorine is a commonly used agent for water disinfectant in swimming pools. Inadequate ventilation in indoor swimming pools and chlorination disinfectant by-products (DBP’s) caused by organic matter promote the increased risk of adverse health effects. Water quality and proper ventilation must be monitored to avoid health risks in youth and adolescents. Methods: Studies were researched on children and adolescents from 2-18 years old who swim indoors. Articles were limited by only including journals from the year 2000 through 2010 and contain global statistics. Peer reviewed scientific articles were reviewed and a meta-analysis of three different scientific research databases, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, was conducted. Results and Conclusions: Children under five years of age, lifeguards and elite swimmers are at an increased risk of upper and lower respiratory symptoms, such as asthma, when exposed to chlorinated swimming frequently. Recreational swimmers who swim moderately are at a lower risk for developing occupational asthma. Implications: Reducing exposure to chlorine from indoor swimming pools may limit the risk of developing upper and lower respiratory infections. 

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