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2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Franconeri ◽  
Lace M. Padilla ◽  
Priti Shah ◽  
Jeffrey M. Zacks ◽  
Jessica Hullman

Effectively designed data visualizations allow viewers to use their powerful visual systems to understand patterns in data across science, education, health, and public policy. But ineffectively designed visualizations can cause confusion, misunderstanding, or even distrust—especially among viewers with low graphical literacy. We review research-backed guidelines for creating effective and intuitive visualizations oriented toward communicating data to students, coworkers, and the general public. We describe how the visual system can quickly extract broad statistics from a display, whereas poorly designed displays can lead to misperceptions and illusions. Extracting global statistics is fast, but comparing between subsets of values is slow. Effective graphics avoid taxing working memory, guide attention, and respect familiar conventions. Data visualizations can play a critical role in teaching and communication, provided that designers tailor those visualizations to their audience.


2021 ◽  
pp. 523-542
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Bateman Steel ◽  
Anthony B. Zwi

This chapter provides an overview of the global health dimensions of forced migration and the associated public health challenges. The chapter identifies different categories of forced migrants and examines the main causes of displacement in a global context in which globalization is simultaneously a force for greater integration as well as a contributor to forced migration. Global statistics and legal frameworks relating to forced migrants are examined and formal protections to which refugees and other groups of forced migrants are entitled are identified. The public health situations of forced migrants are varied and often poor, the health situation of different types of forced migrant are outlined and public health responses described. The role of public health professionals in developing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of forced migration in order to advocate for forced migrant health, and enable forced migrants to speak and be heard, aiding them in transforming their own health outcome are discussed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 026461962110516
Author(s):  
Orestes Silverius Kapinga ◽  
Mbwiga Aloni

The global statistics show that more than 2.2 billion people are either faced with vision impairment or blindness. Visual impairment has been shown to affect young people’s emotional and psychological well-being, and has a profound effect on education attainment. This study assessed the levels of self-esteem of students with visual impairments in regular secondary schools in Tanzania. This was a cross-sectional research study. Self-esteem of students with visual impairment was studied in a group of 55 students included in two regular secondary schools enrolling students with visual impairments in Ruvuma and Iringa regions in Tanzania mainland. A set of self-esteem aspects was used to construct the outcome variable. Levels of self-esteem of students were obtained using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The findings show 7.3% and 92.7% of students with visual impairments constitutes low and high self-esteem respectively. Levels of self-esteem for students with visual impairments were independent of students’ class ( p = .440), sex ( p = .528) and type of disability ( p = .169). Intrinsic self-esteem is more advocated among students with visual impairments in regular secondary schools in Tanzania. Further study on the relationship between levels of self-esteem and students’ performance needs to be addressed. Self-esteem was self-reported by students without any means of confirmation of the responses. This may have affected the estimated prevalence levels of students’ self-esteem.


Author(s):  
Leona Plášilová ◽  
Martin Hůla ◽  
Lucie Krejčová ◽  
Kateřina Klapilová

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a burning social issue worldwide. According to global statistics, the incidence of IPV has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to restrictive measures (e.g., reduced social contacts, the need to stay at home often with a perpetrator in the same household). This study aims to provide data about the incidence of IPV and its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. A representative online sample of 429 Czech women living with a partner at least 3 months before COVID-19 participated in the study. In an online interview, women reported IPV incidents 3 months before and during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using non-parametric repeated measures ANOVA, a significant difference between the total IPV score and the given time periods was found. In addition, the results of the research showed a significant effect of the tension in the relationship with the partner, depression rate, and partner support on the total IPV score in the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results bring important insights into IPV incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest factors that might lead to an increased risk of IPV.


2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Sathindu Jagoda ◽  
◽  
Hirushie Karunathilake ◽  
Janaka. R. Gamage ◽  
◽  
...  

Unsustainable packaging practices are one of the leading problems in today’s world, leading to unnecessary resource consumption, increased waste generation, environmental pollution, and an overall negative impact on ecosystems. Global statistics show that 8 million metric tons of plastic ends up in the oceans every year. It has been estimated that approximately 79% of plastic produced since 1950 has been sent to landfills or otherwise released to the environment. With the current trends, the United Nations predicts that the plastic content will overweigh the fish in the ocean by 2050 [1].


Author(s):  
Bruno Picard ◽  
Nicolas Picot ◽  
Gérald Dibarboure ◽  
Nathalie Steunou

The impact of large atmospheric attenuation events on data quality and availability is a critical aspect for future altimetry missions based on Ka-band altimetry. The SARAL/AltiKa mission and its Ka-band nadir altimeter offer a unique opportunity to assess this impact. Previous publications (Tournadre et al. 2009, 2015) already analyzed the impact of rain on the waveforms at Ka-band and proposed a definition of an elaborate rain flag. This notion tends to give a simpler black and white view of the atmospheric attenuation when the effect on the altimeter measurement is intense. But in practice, there is continuum of measurements that may be partially distorted or corrupted by rain events. The present study proposes a wider point of view , the ACECAL approach providing statistics on rain cells occurrences as well as their amplitude and their size, as guidelines for future Ka-band missions concerning the impact of the atmosphere. At global scale, 1 % of the measurements are affected by an attenuation larger than 23 dB and 10 % of the atmospheric attenuation events have a size larger than 40 km. This study demonstrates that the data quality and availability over some regions of particular interest for oceanography as Gulf Stream, North Pacific and Brazil currents could be affected compared to global statistics. It also opens some perspectives on the benefits that the community could be drawn from the systematic distribution of the rain cells parameters as secondary products of altimetry missions.


Author(s):  
Т. Коchetova ◽  
А. Sovgir

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state of the international securities market during a pandemic. The fundamentals of the functioning of the securities market, technologies for conducting various transactions with securities during the quarantine period associated with the Covid-19 epidemic are considered. The results of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy at the end of 2020 were reviewed. The study uses an analytical approach based on the analysis of global statistics on COVID-19. The main negative trends of the modern world economy caused by the increase in economic costs under the influence of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized. The study used demographic indicators of the countries of the world, data on the dynamics of oil prices, stock indices, and statistical data on world trade. Based on the analysis of economic policy measures taken in the leading countries of the world to smooth out the negative consequences of the spread of the global COVID-19 pandemic, proposals were formulated for the economic policy of conducting operations in the securities market in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.


2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142110095
Author(s):  
Steven L. Franconeri

The visual system evolved and develops to process the scenes, faces, and objects of the natural world, but people adapt this powerful system to process data within an artificial world of visualizations. To extract patterns in data from these artificial displays, viewers appear to use at least three perceptual tools, including a tool that extracts global statistics, one that extracts shapes within the data, and one that produces sentence-like comparisons. A better understanding of the power, limits, and deployment of these tools would lead to better guidelines for designing effective data displays.


Solar Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Clette ◽  
Laure Lefèvre ◽  
Sabrina Bechet ◽  
Renzo Ramelli ◽  
Marco Cagnotti

AbstractThe recalibration of the sunspot number series, the primary long-term record of the solar cycle, requires the recovery of the entire collection of raw sunspot counts collected by the Zurich Observatory for the production of this index between 1849 and 1980.Here, we report about the major progresses accomplished recently in the construction of this global digital sunspot number database, and we derive global statistics of all the individual observers and professional observatories who provided sunspot data over more than 130 years.First, we can announce the full recovery of long-lost source-data tables covering the last 34 years between 1945 and 1979, and we describe the unique information available in those tables. We then also retrace the evolution of the core observing team in Zurich and of the auxiliary stations. In 1947, we find a major disruption in the composition of both the Zurich team and the international network of auxiliary stations.This sharp transition is unique in the history of the Zurich Observatory and coincides with the main scale-jump found in the original Zurich sunspot number series, the so-called “Waldmeier” jump. This adds key historical evidence explaining why methodological changes introduced progressively in the early 20th century could play a role precisely at that time. We conclude on the remaining steps needed to fully complete this new sunspot data resource.


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