scholarly journals Implications of Vitamins in COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment through Immunomodulatory and Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juan M. Toledano ◽  
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez ◽  
María Puche-Juarez ◽  
Julio J. Ochoa ◽  
Javier Diaz-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Oxidative Stress Status ◽  
Impaired Immune Response ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Since the appearance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its announcement as a global pandemic, the search for prophylactic and therapeutic options have become a priority for governments and the scientific community. The approval of several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is being crucial to overcome this situation, although the victory will not be achieved while the whole population worldwide is not protected against the virus. This is why alternatives should be studied in order to successfully support the immune system before and during a possible infection. An optimal inflammatory and oxidative stress status depends on an adequate diet. Poor levels of several nutrients could be related to an impaired immune response and, therefore, an increased susceptibility to infection and serious outcomes. Vitamins exert a number of anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which can be of use to fight against this and several other diseases (especially vitamin D and C). Even though they cannot be considered as a definitive therapeutic option, in part owing to the lack of solid conclusions from well-designed clinical trials, currently available evidence from similar respiratory diseases may indicate that it would be rational to deeply explore the use of vitamins during this global pandemic.

Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Shirbhate ◽  
Preeti Patel ◽  
Vijay K Patel ◽  
Ravichandran Veerasamy ◽  
Prabodh C Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China has today travelled all around the world, so far 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 update dated August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine prevails. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in their clinical experiences or studies against COVID-19 and also focuses on mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Illuminating the Role of Vitamin A in Skin Innate Immunity and the Skin Microbiome: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Fritzlaine C. Roche ◽  
Tamia A. Harris-Tryon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Immunity ◽  
Impaired Immune Response ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in skin immunity. Deficiencies in Vitamin A have been linked to impaired immune response and increased susceptibility to skin infections and inflammatory skin disease. This narrative review summarizes recent primary evidence that elucidates the role of vitamin A and its derivatives on innate immune regulators through mechanisms that promote skin immunity and sustain the skin microbiome.

LONG-COURSE ORAL CORTICOSTEROID TOXICITY IN CHILDREN

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. e2.53-e2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Aljebab ◽  
Imti Choonara ◽  
Sharon Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Oral Prednisolone ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Oral Corticosteroids ◽  
Long Course ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

BackgroundLong courses of oral corticosteroids are commonly used in children in the management of conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, leukaemia, asthma and others. Various adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are known to occur with their use. This systematic review aimed to identify the most common and serious ADRs and to determine their relative risk levels.MethodsA literature search of several databases; Embase, Medline, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and PubMed was performed to identify all studies where corticosteroids had been administered to paediatric patients ranging from 28 days to 18 years of age for at least 15 days of treatment. Each database was searched from their earliest dates to March 2014. All types of studies that provided clear information on ADRs were included.Results91 relevant studies were found from 27 countries. These studies represented a total of 6653 children and contained reports of 4124 ADRs, the majority in patients with leukaemia, haemangioma and asthma. Oral prednisolone was the most commonly prescribed corticosteroid (74% of patients). The three most frequent ADRs were weight gain, Cushingoid features and growth retardation. The incidence rates of patients with these three ADRs were 22.4%, 20.6% and 18.9%, respectively. Increased susceptibility to infection was the most serious ADR. 24 children died from infections, ten from varicella zoster and the others from different microorganisms.ConclusionsWeight gain, Cushingoid features and growth retardation were the most frequent ADRs seen when long-course oral corticosteroids were given to children. In addition, increased susceptibility to infection was the most common cause of mortality.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Status in the Kidneys of Type 1 Diabetic Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Nasiri ◽  
Nasrin Ziamajidi ◽  
Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi ◽  
Massoud Saidijam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Oxidative Stress Status ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Biomedical Perspectives of Acute and Chronic Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Stefano ◽  
Pascal Büttiker ◽  
Simon Weissenberger ◽  
Radek Ptacek ◽  
Fuzhou Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Poor Mental Health Status ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

: The incidence of infections from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has dramatically escalated following the initial outbreak in China in late 2019, resulting in a global pandemic with millions of deaths. Although the majority of infected patients survive, and the rapid advent and deployment of vaccines have afforded increased immunity against SARS-CoV-2, long term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have become increasingly recognized. These include, but are not limited to, chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disorders, and proinflammatory-associated neurological dysfunction that may lead to psychological and neurocognitive impairment. A major component of cognitive dysfunction is operationally categorized as “brain fog” which comprises difficulty with concentration, forgetfulness, confusion, depression, and fatigue. Multiple parameters associated with long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been detailed in clinical studies. Empirically elucidated mechanisms associated with the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are by nature complex, but broad based working models have focused on mitochondrial dysregulation leading to systemic reductions of metabolic activity and cellular bioenergetics within CNS structures. Multiple factors underlying the expression of brain fog may facilitate future pathogenic insults leading to repetitive cycles of viral and bacterial propagation. Interestingly, diverse neurocognitive sequelae associated with COVID-19 are not dissimilar from those observed in other historical pandemics, thereby providing a broad and integrative perspective on potential common mechanisms of CNS dysfunction subsequent to viral infection. Poor mental health status may be reciprocally linked to compromised immune processes and enhanced susceptibility to infection by diverse pathogens. By extrapolation, we contend that COVID-19 may potentiate the severity of neurological/neurocognitive deficits in patients afflicted by well-studied neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease. Accordingly, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of sustained neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are pivotal health care directives and provide a compelling rationale for careful monitoring of infected patients, as early mitigation efforts may reduce short- and long-term complications.

Defect in neutrophil killing and increased susceptibility to infection with nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria in peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S)–deficient mice

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Dziarski ◽  
Kenneth A. Platt ◽  
Eva Gelius ◽  
Håkan Steiner ◽  
Dipika Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Intracellular Killing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Recognition Protein ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

AbstractInsect peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S), a member of a family of innate immunity pattern recognition molecules conserved from insects to mammals, recognizes bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and activates 2 antimicrobial defense systems, prophenoloxidase cascade and antimicrobial peptides through Toll receptor. We show that mouse PGRP-S is present in neutrophil tertiary granules and that PGRP-S–deficient (PGRP-S-/-) mice have increased susceptibility to intraperitoneal infection with gram-positive bacteria of low pathogenicity but not with more pathogenic gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. PGRP-S-/- mice have normal inflammatory responses and production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Neutrophils from PGRP-S-/- mice have normal phagocytic uptake of bacteria but are defective in intracellular killing and digestion of relatively nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, mammalian PGRP-S functions in intracellular killing of bacteria. Thus, only bacterial recognition by PGRP-S, but not its effector function, is conserved from insects to mammals.

scholarly journals Neonatally-induced diabetes: lipid profile outcomes and oxidative stress status in adult rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Karen Sinzato ◽  
Paula Helena Ortiz Lima ◽  
Kleber Eduardo de Campos ◽  
Ana Carolina Inhasz Kiss ◽  
Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Oxidative Stress Status ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

scholarly journals MHC genes and oxidative stress in sticklebacks: an immuno-ecological approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1592) ◽  
pp. 1407-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Kurtz ◽  
K. Mathias Wegner ◽  
Martin Kalbe ◽  
Thorsten B.H Reusch ◽  
Helmut Schaschl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Mhc Genes ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Mhc Class Iib ◽  
Class Iib ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Individual variation in the susceptibility to infection may result from the varying ability of hosts to specifically recognize different parasite strains. Alternatively, there could be individual host differences in fitness costs of immune defence. Although, these two explanations are not mutually exclusive, they have so far been treated in separate experimental approaches. To analyse potential relationships, we studied body condition and oxidative stress, which may reflect costs of immunity, in three-spined sticklebacks that had been experimentally exposed to three species of naturally occurring parasite. These sticklebacks differed in a trait, which is crucial to specific parasite defence, i.e. individual genetic diversity at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB loci. Oxidative stress was quantified as tissue acrolein, a technique that has been applied to questions of immuno-ecology for the first time. We measured gene expression at the MHC and other estimates of immune activation. We found that fish with high levels of MHC expression had poor condition and elevated oxidative stress. These results indicate that MHC-based specific immunity is connected with oxidative stress. They could, thus, also be relevant in the broader context of the evolution of sexually selected signals that are based on carotenoids and are, thus supposed to reflect oxidative stress resistance.

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