High Cod and Turbidity Removal in The Treatment of Polluted Pond Water Using Low Dosage of Pineapple Leaf Coagulant: A Preliminary Study

Coagulation process using low dosage of plant-based coagulant to remove high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity is important for water treatment. This study presents the treatment of pond water using plant-based pineapple leaf coagulant to achieve high COD and turbidity removal. The coagulation was performed using a jar test experiment of pond water at different pH followed by different dosages of pineapple leaf coagulant. It was found that the highest COD and turbidity removal ranged between 94.1 – 94.6 % and 88.3 – 88.4 % at pH 8 respectively, using low dosage (50 mg L-1) of pineapple leaf coagulant. The final COD and turbidity values ranged between 7.3 – 8.0 mg L-1 and 17.7 – 17.8 formazin turbidity unit (FTU) respectively, which are lower compared with results from other studies that used high dosage coagulants. Moreover, the final pH, COD, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and total suspended solid (TSS) values of the treated pond water were below the standard limits set by the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM) class IIB, which represents water bodies suitable for recreational use with body contact (DOE, 2016). Therefore, it is expected that the newly-formulated waste utilisation of pineapple leaf coagulant can reduce the usage of chemical coagulants and can further be used for different types of water.

The Role and Function of Legal Aid Posts (Posbakum) at Biak’s Religious Court Class IIB

This study aims to examine the role and function of the legal aid post (Posbakum) at Biak’s Religious Court Class IIB according to the the national supreme court decree Number 1 of 2014. This study took place at Biak’s Religious Court. The study used an empirical juridical approach. Data were collected through field observations and interviews with research respondents. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results showed that the implementation of the legal aid post at Biak’s Religious Court in providing services for the poor in general had been carried out very well according to the national supreme court decree Number 1 of 2014, but the community still had difficulties because of the unavailability of direct assistance by officers. it is feared that those who receive legal services will fall into the category of those who are financially able to pay for an advocate given that there are no regulations that stipulate the restriction or criteria for people who are financially incapable of paying for advocate services. This research is expected to provide information for the people of Biak in particular, and people outside Biak in general regarding the benefits of legal aid services for the lower-class community.

The Role of HDAC6 in Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome

Autophagy fights against harmful stimuli and degrades cytosolic macromolecules, organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy dysfunction is associated with many diseases, including infectious and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have identified the critical role of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes activation in the innate immune system, which mediates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 and cleaves Gasdermin D to induce pyroptosis in response to pathogenic and sterile stimuli. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the crosstalk between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in multifaceted ways to influence host defense and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms require further clarification. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a class IIb deacetylase among the 18 mammalian HDACs, which mainly localizes in the cytoplasm. It is involved in two functional deacetylase domains and a ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domain (ZnF-BUZ). Due to its unique structure, HDAC6 regulates various physiological processes, including autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome, and may play a role in the crosstalk between them. In this review, we provide insight into the mechanisms by which HDAC6 regulates autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome and we explored the possibility and challenges of HDAC6 in the crosstalk between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, we discuss HDAC6 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic approach targeting either autophagy or NLRP3 inflammasome as an anti-inflammatory strategy, although further clarification is required regarding their crosstalk.

HDAC6: A Key Link Between Mitochondria and Development of Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy, which is the result of nerve damage from lesions or disease, continues to be a major health concern due to the common manifestation of neuropathic pain. Most investigations into the development of peripheral neuropathy focus on key players such as voltage-gated ion channels or glutamate receptors. However, emerging evidence points to mitochondrial dysfunction as a major player in the development of peripheral neuropathy and resulting neuropathic pain. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neuropathy includes altered mitochondrial transport, mitochondrial metabolism, as well as mitochondrial dynamics. The mechanisms that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral neuropathy are poorly understood, however, the Class IIb histone deacetylase (HDAC6), may play an important role in the process. HDAC6 is a key regulator in multiple mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and may contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation in peripheral neuropathy. Accumulating evidence shows that HDAC6 inhibition is strongly associated with alleviating peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, in in vivo and in vitro models of peripheral neuropathy. Thus, HDAC6 inhibitors are being investigated as potential therapies for multiple peripheral neuropathic disorders. Here, we review emerging studies and integrate recent advances in understanding the unique connection between peripheral neuropathy and mitochondrial dysfunction through HDAC6-mediated interactions.

PEMBEBASAN NARAPIDANA DALAM PRESPEKTIF KONSEP ASIMILASI PANDEMI COVID-19

The policy of the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2020 regarding the release and release of prisoners through the process of assimilation and integration in the response to Covid-19 caused many pros and cons. There are some groups who judge that the decision is the right step to respect the law and the Criminal Justice System. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical approach, namely through the analysis of a legal problem according to the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. The type of legal material used is primary law, namely related legislation and secondary legal materials in the form of literature that the author reads such as scientific articles and books. The deepening of this research uses descriptive analytical method which has the aim of being able to describe precisely where in this study the object of research is the release of prisoners in the perspective of the concept of assimilation. The purpose of this research is to find out and understand how the release of prisoners from the perspective of the concept of assimilation is viewed from the point of view of punishment. Based on the results of the study, it showed that the assimilation policy given to prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic was in accordance with the concept of assimilation, namely by fulfilling the requirements and conditions as stipulated in the legislation. The Class IIB Bantul State Detention Center continues to monitor inmates who are undergoing a virtual assimilation program and continues to coordinate with law enforcement officials including the National Police, Attorney General's Office, Courts, and community leaders around the prisoners' residences.

STUDENTS’ METAPHORICAL THINKING SKILLS IN STATISTIC METHOD SUBJECT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The purpose of this study was to analyze students' metaphorical thinking skills in the statistic method subject during COVID-19 Pandemic using three stages of metaphorical thinking. This research was conducted from March to May 2020. Subjects in this study were 11 students of class IIB of Mathematics Education Study Program Mahasaraswati University Denpasar. This study uses descriptive analysis techniques. Data collected through tests, interviews, observations, and documentation. The results showed that students’ metaphorical thinking skills in online learning during COVID-19 Pandemic was still very low where only 20% of students answered correctly at the grounding metaphors stage, 25% at the linking metaphors stage, and only 25% at the redefinitional metaphors stage. Students tend to be confused when required to associate statistical concepts with everyday phenomena and discover the characteristics of the concepts. Online learning due to COVID-19 Pandemic also causes the suit of students to do group discussion as well as the decrease in student motivation primarily in solving metaphorical thinking questions. Some solutions that can be taken to overcome this problem are: 1) Using interactive learning, 2) Using Project-Based learning (PBL), 3) Discussing current trends in learning, 4) Demonstrating assertiveness, and establishing learning rules.