Optimization of Xylose Recovery in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Xylitol Production

The hardest obstacle to make use of lignocellulosic biomass by using green technology is the existence of lignin. It can hinder enzyme reactions with cellulose or hemicellulose as a substrate. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) consist of hemicellulose with xylan as the main component. Xylitol production via fermentation could use this xylan since it can be converted into xylose. Several pretreatment processes were explored to increase sugar recovery from lignocellulosic biomass. Considering that hemicellulose is more susceptible to heat than cellulose, the hydrothermal process was applied to OPEFB before it was hydrolyzed enzymatically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature, solid loading, and pretreatment time on the OPEFB hydrothermal process. The xylose concentration in OPEFB hydrolysate was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that temperature was more important than pretreatment time and solid loading for OPEFB sugar recovery. The optimum temperature, solid loading, and pretreatment time for maximum xylose recovery from pretreated OPEFB were 165 °C, 7%, and 60 min, respectively, giving a xylose recovery of 0.061 g/g of pretreated OPEFB (35% of OPEFB xylan was recovered).

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Temperature, Solid Loading and Time Effects on Recovery of Sugar from OPEFB

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815603022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 03022 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diah Meilany ◽

MTAP Kresnowati ◽

Tjandra Setiadi

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Solid Loading ◽

Time Effects ◽

Glucose Recovery ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Main Component

Biorefinery industry used lignocellulosic biomass as the raw material. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is one of Indonesian potential lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of hemicellulose with xylan as the main component. Xylitol production via fermentation could use this xylan since it can be converted into xylose. However, the structure of OPEFB is such that hemicellulose is protected in a way that will hinder hydrolysis enzyme to access it. Considering that hemicellulose is more susceptible to heat than cellulose, a hydrothermal process was applied to pre-treat OPEFB before it was hydrolyzed enzymatically. The aim of the research is to map the effect of temperature, solid loading and time of pre-treatment process to obtain and recover as much as possible accessible hemicellulose from OPEFB. The results showed that temperature gave more significant effect than time and solid loading for glucose recovery of OPEFB residues. While xylose recovery varies greatly with temperature, but solid loading and time gave less significant effect.

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Xylitol Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) Via Simultaneous Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation Process

Journal of Industrial and Information Technology in Agriculture ◽

10.24198/jiita.v2i1.25064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Efri Mardawati ◽

Nadya Maharani ◽

Dwi Wahyudha Wira ◽

Budi Mandra Harahap ◽

Tri Yuliana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Substrate Concentration ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽

Raw Material ◽

Xylitol Production ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Ssf Process ◽

Specific Growth Rates

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are the waste of palm oil processing and lignocellulosic biomass that can be used as raw material for xylitol production. In this research, bioconversion of xylitol using the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process in one reactor with a short time and could save the cost. Pretreatment requires to degrade the lignin compound with thermal pretreatment. Hydrolysis of OPEFB performs enzymatically by commercial xylanase enzyme that is Cellic Htec2 and continued with fermentation by yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. The research used experimental and descriptive analysis that covers of variation of OPEFB substrate concentration (7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) on specific growth rate (µ), the yield of xylitol and substrate utilization. The results showed that an increase of OPEFB substrate concentration affected by the increase of specific growth rates (μ) are 0.091/h, 0.094/h, 0.095/h and 0.126/h. It also affected to the decreasing of xylitol yield on 42 hours fermentation are 0.201 g/g; 0.189 g/g; 0.170 g/g; and 0.104 g/g.

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Xylose recovery from dilute-acid hydrolysis of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches for xylitol production

AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.5897/ajb2017.16214 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (41) ◽

pp. 1997-2008

Author(s):

Manjarres-Pinzon Katherine ◽

Arias-Zabala Mario ◽

Correa-Londono Guillermo ◽

Rodriguez-Sandoval Eduardo

Keyword(s):

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Xylitol Production ◽

Dilute Acid ◽

Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Torrefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Pellets under Mild-to-Severe Temperature Conditions through Thermogravimetric Analysis

10.20944/preprints201803.0032.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma ◽

Arshad Ahmad ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah ◽

Olagoke Oladokun

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Recovery ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Severity Factor ◽

Degradation Behaviour ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Recovery Potential ◽

Lignocellulosic Wastes

Malaysia generates significant quantities of lignocellulosic wastes through the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Over the years, the accumulation of the oil palm wastes (OPW) have become an environmental burden. These problems can be addressed by pretreatment and valorisation of OPW in bioenergy as envisioned in the National Biomass Strategy (NBS-2020). However, current strategies for the OPW valorisation are inefficient and unsustainable resulting in increased environmental challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes the pelletization and torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Furthermore, the thermal degradation behaviour and potential product yields from OPEFB pellet torrefaction will be examined. The results revealed that the mass yield (MY) decreased from 67.89% to 33.11%, whereas energy yield (EY) decreased from 88.29% to 49.18% as the torrefaction temperature increased from 250 °C to 350 °C. However, the energy density (DE) increased from 1.30 to 1.49 due to the increase in higher heating value (HHV) from 22.85 MJ/kg to 26.10 MJ/kg. Likewise, the severity factor (SF) increased from 5.89 to 8.84 with increasing torrefaction temperature. The results also revealed that effect of temperature on the torrefaction parameters; MY, EY, DE, and HHV are slightly reduced after 300 °C. Overall, the findings demonstrate that torrefaction improved the fuel properties and energy recovery potential of the OPEFB pellets.

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Strategy to enhance the sugar production using recyclable inorganic salt for pre-treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.4912-4931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 4912-4931

Author(s):

Nursia Hassan ◽

Nur Amirah Khairina Khairil Anwar ◽

Ani Idris

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Morphological Analysis ◽

Structural Changes ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Pretreatment Time ◽

Pretreatment Temperature ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Pretreatment Conditions

Inorganic salts were used for the pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) to enhance the delignification and saccharification yield of OPEFB. The sequential pretreatment of OPEFB using sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na3PO4.12H2O) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) proved to be an effective approach. OPEFB was delignified by 58.8%, producing a maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 0.97 g/g under optimum pretreatment conditions of 15% Na3PO4.12H2O, 60 min (30 min/stage) pretreatment time, 10% solid to liquid ratio, and pretreatment temperature of 121 °C. In addition, structural and morphological analysis of the pretreated OPEFB using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X- ray diffraction (X-RD) revealed major structural changes, such as the generation of porous structure, which allows for better enzyme accessibility. Moreover, recycle experiments showed encouraging findings, as the spent pretreatment liquid with pH adjustment can be recycled efficiently for at least 5 times without a substantial decrease in its effectiveness.

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Chemical pre-treatments on oil palm empty fruit bunches: Impacts on characteristics and methane potential

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/924/1/012071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 924 (1) ◽

pp. 012071

Author(s):

N A Rohma ◽

S Suhartini ◽

I Nurika

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Test System ◽

Biochemical Methane Potential ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Methane Potential ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Bmp Test

Abstract Production of biogas from lignocellulosic biomass by anaerobic digestion (AD) has attracted much interest. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), one of lignocellulosic biomass, is highly abundant in Indonesia and has potential as feedstock for bioenergy production such as biogas or methane. Yet, pre-treatments are needed to improve biogas production due to its complex crystalline structures. Chemical pre-treatments with acid or alkaline solution were reported to increase cellulose or highly reduce the lignin content of OPEFB. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acid and alkaline pre-treatments on the characteristics of OPEFB and methane potential. The acid pre-treatment experimental design was used factor of H2SO4 concentration (1, 1.3, and 1.6 (%v/v)) and NaOH concentration (1.8, 2.8, and 3.8 (%w/v)). Methane potential evaluation was carried out using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test with the Automatic Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS) II under mesophilic condition (37°C), operated for 28 days. The results showed that both dilute acid and alkaline pre-treatment positively impact altering the characteristics of OPEFB, hence the specific methane potential. Alkaline pre-treatment with NaOH 3.8 (%w/v) gave the highest average SMP value of 0.161 ± 0.005 m3 CH4/kgVSadded.

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Biorefining of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol and xylitol production in Indonesia: A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.rser.2021.111817 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 111817

Author(s):

Sri Suhartini ◽

Novita Ainur Rohma ◽

Efri Mardawati ◽

Kasbawati ◽

Nur Hidayat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Xylitol Production ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches

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Evaluation of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Xylitol Production

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.14.3.3754.559-567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 559

Author(s):

Khairul Hadi Burhan ◽

Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati ◽

Tjandra Setiadi

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽

Process Performance ◽

Xylitol Production ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Fermentation Processes ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Process Route ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification

The biological process route of xylitol production from lignocellulosic materials, via enzymatic hydrolysis which is followed by fermentation, offers a more sustainable or greener process than the chemical process route. Both the enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation processes are conducted at moderate process condition and thus require less energy and chemicals. However, the process proceeds slower than the chemical one. In order to improve process performance, the enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation processes can be integrated as Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) configuration. This paper discusses the evaluation of SSF configuration on xylitol production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB). To integrate two processes which have different optimum temperature, the performance of each process at various temperature was first evaluated. Later, SSF was evaluated at various hydrolysis and fermentation time at each optimum temperature. SSF showed better process performance than the separated hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The best result was obtained from configuration with 72 hours of prior hydrolysis followed by simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, giving yield of 0.08 g-xylitol/g-OPEFB. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Production of Reducing Sugar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.33795/jtkl.v4i2.159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Budi Mandra Harahap ◽

Robby Sudarman ◽

Fildzah Sajidah ◽

Diana Murti Indra Wahyuni ◽

Dea Tesalonika Sitorus

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Power Level ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Solid Loading ◽

Microwave Pretreatment ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Potential Methods ◽

Cellic Ctec2

Perlakuan pendahulan biomassa merupakan tahapan terpenting dalam memproduksi produk-produk berbasis bio (bio-based products) secara biologis. Pada penelitian ini, energi gelombang mikro (microwave) digunakan selama perlakuan pendahuluan untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses sakarifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi gula-gula pereduksi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perlakuan pendahuluan seperti daya (180-360 watt), waktu iradiasi (5-30 menit), dan solid loading (2,5%-7,5%) dievaluasi. Kinerja hidrolisis TKKS yang telah diberi perlakuan pendahuluan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Cellic CTec2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cairan residu yang diperoleh setelah perlakuan pendahuluan menghasilkan gula pereduksi dalam jumlah yang rendah, yaitu antara 1,39 dan 3,92 mg/g-TKKS. Akan tetapi, setelah padatan residu dihidrolisis secara enzimatis, rendemen gula pereduksi meningkat secara signifikan. Menariknya, hanya pada level daya terendah (180 watt), gula pereduksi meningkat seiring dengan perpanjangan waktu iradiasi untuk semua solid loading. Sebaliknya, pada 360 watt, semakin lama waktu iradiasi diterapkan, semakin rendah gula pereduksi yang diperoleh untuk semua solid loading. Gula pereduksi tertinggi dihasilkan hingga 151 mg/g-TKKS, yaitu menggunakan 5% padatan pada 180 watt selama 25 menit. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil ini, perlakuan pendahuluan menggunakan gelombang mikro yang diikuti dengan hidrolisis enzimatis merupakan salah satu metode yang potensial untuk memproduksi gula dari TKKS.Pretreatment of biomass is the most crucial step in the biological production of bio-based products. In this study, microwave energy was used during the pretreatment process to enhance the saccharification performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into reducing sugar. The influential factors of pretreatment such as power level (180-360 watt), irradiation time (5-30 min), and solid loading (2.5%-7.5%) were evaluated. The performance of pretreated OPEFB hydrolysis was subsequently assessed by Cellic CTec2. The result showed that spent liquor produced after pretreatment only released a low amount of reducing sugar in the range between 1.39 and 3.92 mg/g-OPEFB. After residual solid was enzymatically hydrolyzed, a significant increase in the reducing sugar yield occurred. Interestingly, only at the lowest power level (180 watts), the reducing sugar rose along with the extension of irradiation time for all solid loadings. On the contrary, the longer irradiation time was applied, the lower reducing sugar was acquired at 360 watts for all solid loadings. The highest reducing sugar was produced up to 151 mg/g-OPEFB using 5% solid at 180 watts for 25 min. This indicated that microwave pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was one of the potential methods to recover sugars in OPEFB.

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Insight into the deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches: Effects of temperature, empty fruit bunch to solvent ratio, and time

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.3.6313-6341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 6313-6341

Author(s):

Shuhaida Harun ◽

Aqilah Mohd Tajuddin ◽

Azuan Abdul Latif ◽

Safa Senan Mahmod ◽

Mohd Shaiful Sajab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Variable Pressure ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Pretreatment Time

This work aimed to comprehensively examine the pretreatment efficiency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using two different types of deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixtures, i.e., choline chloride/imidazole (DES-I) and choline chloride/glycerol (DES-G) in terms of pretreated EFB structural composition and enzymatic hydrolysis. The influence of the pretreatment temperature (55 °C, 90 °C, 125 °C, 160 °C, and 195 °C), EFB to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20), and pretreatment time (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h) on the performance of pretreated EFB and the generated black liquor was examined. The optimal conditions for EFB pretreatment were 160 °C, 1:5 ratio, and 2 h using DES-I solvent, and 160 °C, 1:10 ratio and 4 h using DES-G solvent. The structural carbohydrates of empty fruit bunch pretreated with DES-I, DES-I EFB1 and DES-G, DES-G EFB2 increased to 66.1%, and 64.6%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of DES-I EFB1 resulted in higher glucan conversion (92.4%) compared to DES-G EFB2, indicating that DES-I solvent was more efficient than DES-G for EFB pretreatment. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from EFB during pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis.

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