scholarly journals An Analytical Method for Gas Flow Measurement Using Conservative Chemical Elements

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6415
Author(s):  
Seok-Hwi Kim ◽  
Gibbum Lee
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Large Deviation ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Stable Chemical ◽  
Mixed Gases

Mass flow meters (MFMs) are widely used to secure reliable flow rates based on the mass value of the gas being measured. However, chemical reactions produce various kinds of gases, and their composition also changes in real time. Thus, there may be a large deviation in the gas flow if the gases’ composition and its mixing ratio are not known. In this study, we derived a gas flow rate measurement method using a chemically stable chemical specie and verified the precision of the proposed method through comparative analysis with an MFM. The flow rate by this method showed reliable results in both single and mixed gases. Notably, the results were within ±2.74% of the injected flowrate values in the gas mixtures. This method is expected to be able to fundamentally overcome the limitations of the mechanical flowmeter because it is not affected by changes in gas composition or mixing ratio during the reaction.

Invariant method for measuring wet gas flow rate

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Zhanat А. Dayev ◽  
Gulzhan E. Shopanova ◽  
Bakytgul А. Toksanbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Invariant System ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement ◽  
Wet Gas

The article deals with one of the important tasks of modern flow measurement, which is related to the measurement of the flow rate and the amount of wet gas. This task becomes especially important when it becomes necessary to obtain information about the separate amount of the dry part of the gas that is contained in the form of a mixture in the wet gas stream. The paper presents the principle of operation and structure of the invariant system for measuring the flow rate of wet gas, which is based on the combined use of differential pressure flowmeters and Coriolis flowmeters. The operation of the invariant wet gas flow rate measurement system is based on the simultaneous application of the multichannel principle and the partial flow measurement method. Coriolis flowmeters and the differential pressure flowmeter are used as the main elements of the system. The proposed measurement system does not offer applications for gases with abundant drip humidity. The article provides information about the test results of the proposed invariant system. The estimation of the metrological characteristics of the invariant system when measuring the flow rate of wet gas is given. The obtained test results of the invariant wet gas flow rate measurement system are relevant for natural gas production, transportation, and storage facilities.

scholarly journals ULTRASONIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING WATER FLOW IN HYDRORECLAMATION SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Vasilchenko ◽  
◽  
A. M. Korenovskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Pulse Time ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Ultrasonic Methods ◽  
Water Metering

Purpose: analysis of existing ultrasonic methods and devices for metering water flow in irrigation and drainage systems. The problem of rational use of water resources exists in all areas, including agriculture. It cannot be resolved without considering the issue of water metering and water distribution. The main task of the water accounting system in irrigation and drainage systems is measuring the volume of water taken from the water intake and delovered to the irrigation network. For these purposes, flow meters – devices that measure the flow of water, are used. Ultrasonic (acoustic) flow meters are flow meters capable of solving complex problems in flow measurement. Currently, there are several measurement methods to determine the water flow rate at reclamation facilities: ultrasonic, radar, Doppler method, cross-correlation method and Transit-Time method. Based on these methods, a large number of modifications of devices for determining water flow rates have been created: level gauges, radar flow meters, Doppler flow meters, submersible cross-correlation flow meters, pulse-time flow meters. Conclusions. Flow meters based on level gauges and radar flow meters are impractical to use in commercial water metering units. They have high flow measurement errors, since level gauges measure only the level, and the speed is taken as a constant value, while radar flow meters measure the flow rate, but this is not the speed of the entire flow, but only of the surface layer. The flow rate measured by Doppler and cross-correlation meters depends on the amount of solids in the flow. But since the water in canals and closed pipelines on irrigation and drainage systems has a large number of solids, these flow meters have a high accuracy of flow measurement. Pulse time meters, as well as Doppler and cross-correlation meters, have high measurement accuracy, but do not depend on the amount of solids in the flow.

Reactive Ion Etching of the fluorinated polyimide film

1996 ◽  
Vol 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Lee ◽  
S. P. Murarka
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Etch Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Polyimide Film ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Hard Mask ◽  
Fluorinated Polyimide ◽  
Oxygen Gas

AbstractThe etch conditions affecting the etching of the fluorinated polyimide films in RF plasma using oxygen or fluorine-containing oxygen has been investigated. The effect of power, oxygen gas flow rate, and gas composition on the etch rate of fluorinated polyimide have been determined. The etch rate of the fluorinated polyimide increases linearly with the power and oxygen gas flow. The saturation at high oxygen flow rate indicates a saturation or steady state achieved at the polyimide-oxygen reaction interface. However, the etch rate increases when CF4 is added to oxygen, up to about 10% CF4 in O2, and then decreases to a smaller and CF4 concentration independent value. The etch selectivity of hard mask against fluorinated polyimide has been determined. The PECVD silicon nitride and PETEOS are found to be excellent hard mask for pattering these polyimides. The trench profile of the polyimide film also has been examined by patterning and etching the different trench sizes in fluorinated polyimide. It is concluded that this fluorinated polyimide can be etched with oxygen or fluorine containing oxygen plasma.

Design of Flare Gas Flow Measurement System on Offshore Oil Platform

2013 ◽  
Vol 385-386 ◽  
pp. 460-463
Author(s):  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Hong Ye Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Cap Method

Aiming at the problems of flare gas flow monitoring on offshore oil platform, a flare gas flow measurement system is designed. This system is integrated in the whole flare control system and reaches the effective monitoring of flare gas flow. Besides it adopts ultrasonic flow-meters for the more accurate flow-meter data and adopts hot-cap method for the realization of being installed without halting production. Results indicate that the design could offshore oil platform improve the efficiency and safety of production in offshore oil platform.

Performance Enhancement of Wet Gas Flow Meter

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Am Park ◽  
Haeman Choi ◽  
Younkyun Oh ◽  
Dugki Lee
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Magnetic Coupling ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Wet Gas

Wet gas flow meters are used in the gas flow meter manufacturing industries as a reference meter. Also those meters are used for gas flow measurement in many areas. Oil is suggested for sealing fluid in a wet gas flow meter. But water is used because of cheap and easy handling fluid in the industries. In this case, the inlet gas flow rate is different with the outlet gas flow rate because the evaporation of water in the chamber. It is important to estimate the rate of water evaporation and effects on flow measurement error. The humidity of wet gas in the outlet of a flow meter was measured. Flow measurement error due to water evaporation is about 2%. Those results will be useful for flow measurement error reduction of wet gas flow meter using water as sealing fluid. The new developed wet gas meter measured pulse and frequency in encoder through magnetic coupling between the chamber and an encoder. The flow quantity was compensated with adjustment of flow rate error. So the rangeability and error of flow measurement were enhanced remarkably.

Calibration of Gas-Metering Constrictions

1974 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
T. H. Redding
Keyword(s):  
Compressible Flow ◽  
Expansion Coefficient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Incompressible Flow ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Gas Flow Rate

To extend the range of usefulness of a water calibrated metering constriction in the field of gas flow measurement, a method is described for determining the expansion coefficient (∈) which does not involve measurement of gas flow rate, while the precision of the method is such as to achieve accuracy tolerances of the order ±0· 30%. When used in conjunction with flow coefficients appropriate to incompressible flow, the flow coefficient appropriate to compressible flow is determined with an overall tolerance well within the limits ±0· 5% over a range of ∈ of 1 > ∈ > 0· 90.

Effects of Fluid Inertia and Compressibility on the Performance of Valves and Flow Meters Operating under Unsteady Conditions

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. McCloy
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Fluid Inertia ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Compressibility Effects

Incompressible flow theory is used in the investigation of the effects of fluid inertia on unsteady flow through valves and flow meters. Two types of oscillatory disturbance are considered, one being due to valve oscillation at constant pressure drop and the other to pressure pulsation at constant orifice area. With the former type of disturbance it is shown that the mean flow rate decreases with frequency of oscillation. When the pressure drop pulsates the mean flow rate increases with frequency. These phenomena are shown to be of importance in hydraulic servomechanisms and in dynamic flow measurement. Compressibility effects are considered and it is shown that cavitation can occur at the valve during oscillation.

scholarly journals Purification of the gas after pyrolysis in coupled plasma-catalytic system

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Młotek ◽  
Bogdan Ulejczyk ◽  
Joanna Woroszył ◽  
Irmina Walerczak ◽  
Krzysztof Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic System ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Discharge Power ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Gliding Discharge ◽  
The One ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Abstract Gliding discharge and coupled plasma-catalytic system were used for toluene conversion in a gas composition such as the one obtained during pyrolysis of biomass. The chosen catalyst was G-0117, which is an industrial catalyst for methane conversion manufactured by INS Pulawy (Poland). The effects of discharge power, initial concentration of toluene, gas flow rate and the presence of the bed of the G-0117 catalyst on the conversion of C7H8, a model tars compounds were investigated. Conversion of coluene increases with discharge power and the highest one was noted in the coupled plasma-catalytic system. It was higher than that in the homogeneous system of gliding discharge. When applying a reactor with reduced G-0117 and CO (0.15 mol%), CO2 (0.15 mol%), H2 (0.30 mol%), N2 (0.40 mol%), 4000 ppm of toluene and gas flow rate of 1.5 Nm3/h, the conversion of toluene was higher than 99%. In the coupled plasma-catalytic system with G-0117 methanation of carbon oxides was observed.

scholarly journals Working Principle of Gas Turbine Meter Fluxi 2000/TZ and Gas Volume Converter

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Gas Volume

The use of natural gas in several countries, especially in Indonesia is essential. In gas distribution, every industry and household will not be separated from the measurement system that aims to find out how much natural gas has been used. For this reason, the use of a gas flow meter is necessary. There are several types of gas flow meter can be used in measuring the gas volume. Some types of gas flow meters are gas turbine meters, rotary gas meters and diaphragm gas meters. The primary difference of each type of gas flow meter is the pressure capacity and the speed of the gas flow through it. Flow meter gas turbine is one type of gas flow rate measuring device. There are moving parts consisting of a propeller whose rotation speed is proportional to the flow rate through the flow meter. The type of gas turbine meter is Fluxi 2000/TZ. Fluxi 2000/TZ is designed to measure natural gas and various non-corrosive gases. This tool can be used to measure low gas flow and high gas flow. This tool can also be used to measure flow under various pressure conditions. Corus is the name of the type of gas volume converter. Corus is one instrument that supports the reading process of various gas meters, and one of them is a gas turbine meter. Corus is designed to achieve high levels of performance and accuracy from robust electronic equipment so that the results of reading the fluid volume available on the gas turbine meter can be calculated more accurately regard to the amount of temperature, pressure and compressibility. The working principle and characteristics of the two instruments make the measurements more accurate.

Gas-phase vs. material-kinetic limits on the redox response of nonstoichiometric oxides

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 7420-7430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Il Ji ◽  
Timothy C. Davenport ◽  
Michael J. Ignatowich ◽  
Sossina M. Haile
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Nonstoichiometric Oxides ◽  
Rate Of Response

The rate of response of CeO2−δ to changes in gas composition can be systematically manipulated via changes to gas flow rate or material specific surface area.

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