scholarly journals On the Subrange and Its Application to the R-Chart

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11632
Author(s):  
En Xie ◽  
Yizhong Ma ◽  
Linhan Ouyang ◽  
Chanseok Park
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Correction Factor ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Sample Range ◽  
Conventional Sample

The conventional sample range is widely used for the construction of an R-chart. In an R-chart, the sample range estimates the standard deviation, especially in the case of a small sample size. It is well known that the performance of the sample range degrades in the case of a large sample size. In this paper, we investigate the sample subrange as an alternative to the range. This subrange includes the range as a special case. We recognize that we can improve the performance of estimating the standard deviation by using the subrange, especially in the case of a large sample size. Note that the original sample range is biased. Thus, the correction factor is used to make it unbiased. Likewise, the original subrange is also biased. In this paper, we provide the correction factor for the subrange. To compare the sample subranges with different trims to the conventional sample range or the sample standard deviation, we provide the theoretical relative efficiency and its values, which can be used to select the best trim of the subrange with the sense of maximizing the relative efficiency. For a practical guideline, we also provide a simple formula for the best trim amount, which is obtained by the least-squares method. It is worth noting that the breakdown point of the conventional sample range is always zero, while that of the sample subrange increases proportionally to a trim amount. As an application of the proposed method, we illustrate how to incorporate it into the construction of the R-chart.

scholarly journals Hindfins of Ichthyosaurus: effects of large sample size on ‘distinct’ morphological characters

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDY A. MASSARE ◽  
DEAN R. LOMAX
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe abundance of specimens of Ichthyosaurus provides an opportunity to assess morphological variation without the limits of a small sample size. This research evaluates the variation and taxonomic utility of hindfin morphology. Two seemingly distinct morphotypes of the mesopodium occur in the genus. Morphotype 1 has three elements in the third row: metatarsal two, distal tarsal three and distal tarsal four. This is the common morphology in Ichthyosaurus breviceps, I. conybeari and I. somersetensis. Morphotype 2 has four elements in the third row, owing to a bifurcation. This morphotype occurs in at least some specimens of each species, but it has several variations distinguished by the extent of contact of elements in the third row with the astragalus. Two specimens display a different morphotype in each fin, suggesting that the difference reflects individual variation. In Ichthyosaurus, the hindfin is taxonomically useful at the genus level, but species cannot be identified unequivocally from a well-preserved hindfin, although certain morphologies are more common in certain species than others. The large sample size filled in morphological gaps between what initially appeared to be taxonomically distinct characters. The full picture of variation would have been obscured with a small sample size. Furthermore, we have found several unusual morphologies which, in isolation, could have been mistaken for new taxa. Thus, one must be cautious when describing new species or genera on the basis of limited material, such as isolated fins and fragmentary specimens.

scholarly journals The importance of input data quality and quantity in climate field reconstructions – results from the assimilation of various tree-ring collections

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Franke ◽  
Veronika Valler ◽  
Stefan Brönnimann ◽  
Raphael Neukom ◽  
Fernando Jaume-Santero
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Reconstruction Quality

Abstract. Differences between paleoclimatic reconstructions are caused by two factors: the method and the input data. While many studies compare methods, we will focus in this study on the consequences of the input data choice in a state-of-the-art Kalman-filter paleoclimate data assimilation approach. We evaluate reconstruction quality in the 20th century based on three collections of tree-ring records: (1) 54 of the best temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies chosen by experts; (2) 415 temperature-sensitive tree-ring records chosen less strictly by regional working groups and statistical screening; (3) 2287 tree-ring series that are not screened for climate sensitivity. The three data sets cover the range from small sample size, small spatial coverage and strict screening for temperature sensitivity to large sample size and spatial coverage but no screening. Additionally, we explore a combination of these data sets plus screening methods to improve the reconstruction quality. A large, unscreened collection generally leads to a poor reconstruction skill. A small expert selection of extratropical Northern Hemisphere records allows for a skillful high-latitude temperature reconstruction but cannot be expected to provide information for other regions and other variables. We achieve the best reconstruction skill across all variables and regions by combining all available input data but rejecting records with insignificant climatic information (p value of regression model >0.05) and removing duplicate records. It is important to use a tree-ring proxy system model that includes both major growth limitations, temperature and moisture.

Heart Rate Response to Exercise

2018 ◽  
pp. 437-445
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Response To Exercise

The chapter Heart Rate Response to Exercise reviews the studies performed to estimate a patient’s maximum predicted heart rate. While the commonly used formula (220 – age), developed in 1971, is easy to remember, it underestimates the actual maximum heart rate in older persons. Studies of large sample size have found the maximum heart rate to be relatively independent of sex and physical fitness but to incrementally decline with age. The decrease with age is less than 1 beat per minute per year, however. A more accurate and recommended formula is [(208) – (0.7)(age)] as developed by Tanaka and colleagues.

Extended criterion for comparison of empirical distributions

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ora Engleberg Percus ◽  
Jerome K. Percus
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Generating Function ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Asymptotic Problem ◽  
Explicit Expressions

A generating function technique is used to determine the probability that the deviation between two empirical distributions drawn from the same population lies within a given band a specified number of times. We also treat the asymptotic problem of very large sample size, and obtain explicit expressions when the relative number of failures is very small or very large.

scholarly journals Somatic Acupoint Stimulation for Cancer-Related Sleep Disturbance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Xian-Liang Liu ◽  
Hui Lin Cheng ◽  
Simon Moss ◽  
Carol Chunfeng Wang ◽  
Catherine Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Intervention Protocol ◽  
Acupoint Stimulation

Aim. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesize available evidence for the effects of somatic acupoint stimulation (SAS) on cancer-related sleep disturbance in adults with cancer. Methods. Nine databases and four clinical trial registries were searched from their inception to July 2019 to identify potential articles and registered trials. Two authors independently extracted data and appraised the methodological quality of the included studies. The included studies could not be subjected to meta-analysis due to the significant variations in SAS intervention protocols and outcome measurement instruments. This systematic review therefore reported the results of the included trials narratively. Results. Seven studies were identified, which involved 906 cancer patients. SAS protocols varied across trials without an optimal evidence-based standard intervention protocol to manage cancer-related sleep disturbance. Sanyinjiao (SP6) was the most commonly selected acupoint. Manual acupuncture was typically 15–30 min in duration and was conducted once a day or once a week for a period of 1–5 weeks, whereas self-administered acupressure was typically 1–3 min in duration per point and was conducted once a day, such as during night time before going to bed, for a period of 1–5 months. The results indicated that SAS could potentially relieve cancer-related sleep disturbance and improve quality of life. Mild adverse effects were reported in three of the included studies, but none of them performed a causality analysis to clarify the association between the reported adverse events and the intervention. Conclusions. This systematic review showed that SAS is a useful approach to relieving cancer-related sleep disturbance. However, research evidence on SAS for managing cancer-related sleep disturbance has not been fully conclusive due to the limited number of existing clinical studies with relatively small sample size and suboptimal methodological quality. Clinical trials with large sample size and robust methodology are warranted in future research.

scholarly journals Acupuncture for Chronic Pain-Related Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fushui Liu ◽  
Jianyu You ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Ting Fang ◽  
Mei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sham Acupuncture ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives. Acupuncture has been widely used to relieve chronic pain-related insomnia (CPRI). However, the efficacy of acupuncture for CPRI is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for CPRI. Methods. Seven electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if acupuncture was compared to sham acupuncture or conventional drug therapies for treating CPRI. Two reviewers screened each study and extracted data independently. Statistical analyses were conducted by RevMan 5.3 software. Results. A total of nine studies involving 944 patients were enrolled. The pooled analysis indicated that acupuncture treatment was significantly better than control group in improving effective rate (OR = 8.09, 95%CI = [4.75, 13.79], P < 0.00001) and cure rate (OR = 3.17, 95%CI = [2.35, 4.29], P < 0.00001), but subgroup analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between acupuncture and sham acupuncture in improving cure rate (OR =10.36, 95% CI [0.53, 201.45], P=0.12) based on one included study. In addition, meta-analysis demonstrated that acupuncture group was superior to control group in debasing PSQI score (MD = -2.65, 95%CI = [-4.00, -1.30], P = 0.0001) and VAS score (MD = -1.44, 95%CI = [-1.58, -1.29], P < 0.00001). And there was no significant difference in adverse events (OR =1.73, 95%CI = [0.92, 3.25], P =0.09) between the two groups. Conclusions. Acupuncture therapy is an effective and safe treatment for CPRI, and this treatment can be recommended for the management of patients with CPRI. Due to the low quality and small sample size of the included studies, more rigorously designed RCTs with high quality and large sample size are recommended in future.

scholarly journals A Mass-Ratiometry-Based CD45 Barcoding Method for Mass Cytometry Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-419
Author(s):  
Hongu Meng ◽  
Antony Warden ◽  
Lulu Zhang ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Yiyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Mass Cytometry ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Instrument Sensitivity

Mass cytometry (CyTOF) is a critical cell profiling tool in acquiring multiparameter proteome data at the single-cell level. A major challenge in CyTOF analysis is sample-to-sample variance arising from the pipetting process, staining variation, and instrument sensitivity. To reduce such variations, cell barcoding strategies that enable the combination of individual samples prior to antibody staining and data acquisition on CyTOF are often utilized. The most prevalent barcoding strategy is based on a binary scheme that cross-examines the existence or nonexistence of certain mass signals; however, it is limited by low barcoding efficiency and high cost, especially for large sample size. Herein, we present a novel barcoding method for CyTOF application based on mass ratiometry. Different mass tags with specific fixed ratios are used to label CD45 antibody to achieve sample barcoding. The presented method exponentially increases the number of possible barcoded samples with the same amount of mass tags compared with conventional methods. It also reduces the overall time for the labeling process to 40 min and avoids the need for expensive commercial barcoding buffer reagents. Moreover, unlike the conventional barcoding process, this strategy does not pre-permeabilize cells before the barcoding procedure, which offers additional benefits in preserving surface biomarker signals.

MoFe‐Codoped Ni 3 S 2 /Ni(OH) 2 Nanosheets with Large Sample Size toward High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1801053
Author(s):  
Liu Xie ◽  
Rui Tong ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Dejian Wang ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Oxygen Evolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Large Sample
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