scholarly journals Chemical and Enzymatic Treatment of Hemp Biomass for Bioethanol Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wawro ◽  
Jolanta Batog ◽  
Weronika Gieparda
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Temperature Time

In this study chemical and enzymatic treatment of hemp biomass were optimized to obtain maximum ethanol production. In the first stage, physical and chemical pretreatment of hemp biomass was carried out. It was found that the Tygra variety is susceptible to alkaline treatment at an optimum concentration of 2% NaOH. Next, the effect of NaOH on the value of reducing sugars and the chemical composition of the solid fraction before and after the treatment was determined. Hemp biomass before and after the chemical treatment was analysed by FTIR spectra and SEM. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis, i.e., substrate content, temperature, time, pH and dose of enzyme by means of Response Surface Methodology on glucose content was determined. The highest glucose value was observed at 50 °C, in time process between 48 and 72 h, and the dose of enzyme was not less than 20 FPU·g−1. After the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis two processes of ethanol fermentation from hemp biomass, SHF and SSF, were carried out. In the SHF process a 40% higher concentration of ethanol was obtained (10.51 g/L). In conclusion, hemp biomass was found to be an interesting and promising source to be used for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Presence of 19 Mycotoxins in Human Plasma in a Region of Northern Spain

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Beatriz Arce-López ◽  
Elena Lizarraga ◽  
Ángel Irigoyen ◽  
Elena González-Peñas
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Human Biomonitoring ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Human Metabolism ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

This study was conducted to investigate human exposure to 19 compounds (mycotoxins and their metabolites) in plasma samples from healthy adults (n = 438, aged 19–68 years) from Navarra, a region of northern Spain. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, before and after enzymatic hydrolysis for the detection of possible glucuronides and/or sulfates (Phase II metabolites). The most prevalent mycotoxin was ochratoxin A (OTA), with an incidence of 97.3%. Positive samples were in the concentration range of 0.4 ng/mL to 45.7 ng/mL. After enzymatic treatment, OTA levels increased in a percentage of individuals, which may indicate the presence of OTA-conjugates. Regarding ochratoxin B, it has also been detected (10% of the samples), and its presence may be related to human metabolism of OTA. Sterigmatocystin was detected with a high incidence (85.8%), but only after enzymatic hydrolysis, supporting glucuronidation as a pathway of its metabolism in humans. None of the other studied mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1; T-2 and HT-2 toxins; deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; zearalenone; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; neosolaniol; and diacetoxyscirpenol) were detected in any of the samples, neither before nor after enzymatic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report carried out in Spain to determine the exposure of the population to mycotoxins and some of their metabolites using plasma, and the obtained results justify the need for human biomonitoring and metabolism studies on mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Bioethanol Production from Enzymatic Hydrolyzates of Pretreated Flaxseed Meals by Baker’s Yeast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAHELI GHOSAL ◽  
JAYATI BHOWAL
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Baker’S Yeast ◽  
Baker's Yeast ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Cellulose Conversion ◽  
Flaxseed Meal

Abstract The present study investigated the usefulness of flaxseed meals as a novel feedstock for the production of bioethanol. The proximate composition of the flaxseed meal was carried out before the pretreatment of the flaxseed meal. In this study, flaxseed meal was pretreated with dilute acid, alkali, and aqueous for disruption of lignocellulosic compounds. The acid pretreated flaxseed meal was used for enzymatic hydrolysis by different enzymes (cellulase, α-amylase, and cellulase combined with α-amylase) for better release of reducing sugar. The cellulose conversion to reducing sugar was significantly higher for acid pretreated flaxseed meals. After enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase, cellulose conversions to reducing sugars were found to be significantly higher than those of α-amylase and cellulase combined with α-amylase. The bioethanol production was also investigated. The fermentation process was carried out by using baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the acid pretreated flaxseed meal enzymatic hydrolyzate. Maximum ethanol production (0.11 g/l) was achieved from the fermented medium obtained from the acid pretreated flaxseed meal followed by enzymatic hydrolysis by using cellulase enzyme. The structural analysis of bioethanol was also investigated by FTIR.

scholarly journals Enzymatic hydrolysis by Trichoderma reesei of diluted acid-pretreated wastepaper for bioethanol production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazia Hossain ◽  
Lee Lai Hoong ◽  
Pranta Barua ◽  
Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar ◽  
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Yield ◽  
Waste Office Paper

Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste biomass for bioethanol production is considered a traditional, inexpensive, and energy-effective approach decades ago. In the present study, waste office paper was pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrolysed with one of the most available and cost-effective enzymes, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei, under submerged static condition. Wastepaper size was reduced to 2cm2, blended with water and dry wet-blended, and pretreated with diluted H2SO4. Among different concentrations (0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M, 2.0M) of H2SO4, the maximum glucose content was obtained at 2.0M H2SO4 at 90 min reaction time, and glucose yield was 0.11g glucose/g wastepaper. The cut paper, wet-blended, and acid-treated wastepaper was hydrolysed with cellulase enzyme for 2, 4, and 5 consecutive days with 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, and 20mg enzyme loadings. The maximum glucose content was obtained, 9.75g/l after 5 days of enzymatic hydrolysis with 20mg enzyme loading and a glucose yield of a 0.5g glucose/g wastepaper. The wastepaper hydrolysate was further fermented for 6, 8, and 10 hours continuously with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), and at 10 hours of fermentation, the maximum glucose consumption was 0.18g by yeast. Later, HPLC analysis of the fermented medium presented a strong peak of bioethanol content at 16.12min. Further, the distillation of bioethanol by rotary evaporator presented 0.79ml bioethanol/fermented solution, which indicated the conversion efficiency of 79%.

scholarly journals Bioethanol production from defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae grown under mixotrophic conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashwa Fetyan ◽  
Abo El-Khair B. El-Sayed ◽  
Fatma M. Ibrahim ◽  
Yasser Attia ◽  
Mahmoud W. Sadik
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Microalgal Biomass

Abstract Microalgal biomass is one of the most promising third-generation feedstocks for bioethanol production because it contains significantly reduced sugar amounts which, by separate hydrolysis and fermentation, can be used as a source for ethanol production. In this study, the defatted microalgal biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata (NNO-1 UTEX Culture LB 2164) was subjected to bioethanol production through acid digestion and enzymatic treatment before being fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRLY-2034). For acid hydrolysis (AH), the highest carbohydrate yield 252.84 mg/g DW was obtained with 5.0% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121°C for 15 min for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE with respect to 207.41 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated autotrophically (control treatment), Whereas, the highest levels of reducing sugars was obtained With 4.0%(v/v) H2SO4 157.47 ± 1.60 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically in compared with 135.30 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. The combination of acid hydrolysis 2.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzymatic treatment (AEH) increased the carbohydrate yields to 268.53 mg/g DW for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE with respect to 177.73 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. However, the highest levels of reducing sugars were obtained with 3.0% (v/v) H2SO4 followed by enzyme treatment gave 232.39 ± 1.77 for defatted biomass cultivated mixotrophically on SBAE and 150.75 mg/g DW for the defatted control treatment. The sugar composition of the polysaccharides showed that glucose was the principal polysaccharide sugar (60.7%-62.49%) of N. oculata defatted biomass. Fermentation of the hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the acid pretreated defatted biomass samples gave ethanol yield of 0.86 g/l (0.062 g/g sugar consumed) for control and 1.17 g/l (0.069 g/g sugar consumed) for SBAE mixotrophic. Whereas, the maximum ethanol yield of 6.17 ± 0.47 g/l (0.26 ± 0.11 g/g sugar consumed) was obtained with samples from defatted biomass grown mixotrophically (SBAE mixotrophic) pretreated with acid coupled enzyme hydrolysis.

scholarly journals HPAC Pretreatment Facilitates Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Softwood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Seok Lee ◽  
Yoon-Gyo Lee ◽  
Eun Jin Cho ◽  
Younho Song ◽  
Hyeun-Jong Bae
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Background: Woody plants with high glucose content are alternative bioresources for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Various pretreatment methods may be used to reduce the effects of retardation factors such as lignin interference and cellulose structural recalcitrance on the degradation of the lignocellulose material of woody plants. Results: Here, a hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) pretreatment was used to reduce the lignin content of several types of woody plants, and the effect of the cellulose structural recalcitrance on the enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed. The cellulose structural recalcitrance and the degradation patterns of the wood fibers in the xylem tissues of Quercus acutissima (hardwood) resulted in greater retardation in the enzymatic saccharification than those in the tracheids of Pinus densiflora (softwood). In addition to the HPAC pretreatment, application of supplementary enzymes (7.5 FPU cellulose for 24 hours) further increased the hydrolysis rate of P. densiflora from 61.42% to 91.94% whereas the same effect was not observed for Q. acutissima. Also, it was observed that endoxylanase synergism significantly affects the hydrolysis of P. densiflora. However, this synergistic effect was lower for other supplementary enzymes. The maximum concentration of the reducing sugars produced from 10% softwood was 89.17 g L-1 in 36 hours of hydrolysis with 15 FPU cellulase and other supplementary enzymes. Approximately 80 mg mL-1 of reducing sugars was produced with the addition of 7.5 FPU cellulase and other supplementary enzymes after 36hours, achieving rapid saccharification. Conclusion: HPAC pretreatment thus removed the interference of lignin, reduced structural recalcitrance of cellulose in the P. densiflora, and thereby enabled rapid saccharification of the woody plants including a high concentration of insoluble substrates with only low amounts of cellulase. HPAC pretreatment may thus be a viable as an alternative for the cost-efficient production of biofuels or biochemicals from softwood plant tissues.

scholarly journals FEASIBILITY TO PRODUCING SECOND GENERATION BIOETHANOL IN BOLIVIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Antonio Gil ◽  
M. Beltran Siñani
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The bioethanol that is produced worldwide is mostly obtained from agricultural crops such as sugarcane and corn. However, it has negative environmental effects, so the option of producing bioethanol from agricultural waste arises. This work evaluates the feasibility to produce second generation bietanol from oranges residues (peel and bagasse) produced in the province of Chapare, Bolivia. The estimation is carried out from the reducing sugars, determined by the DNS method, individual sugars, determined by HPLC, produced by acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues. Similarly, the amount of ethanol produced by fermentation of the samples is quantified. Regarding the results obtained, the best alternative in terms of bioethanol production is the enzymatic hydrolysis. An economic and environmental impact evaluation are also included considering the production of bioethanol from real orange residues.

scholarly journals Analysis of pretreatments of sugar beet shreds for bioethanol production in respect of cellulose hydrolysis and waste flows

2011 ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
Darjana Ivetic ◽  
Vesna Vasic ◽  
Marina Sciban ◽  
Mirjana Antov
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Cellulose Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

This paper analyzes some chemical pretreatments of sugar beet shreds concerning generated waste flows and yield of reducing sugars obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated material. Waste flows produced in pretreatments of sugar beet shreds originated from pectin and lignin removal from raw material. Suitability of substrates prepared in single and two-step pretreatment procedure for enzymatic hydrolysis was determined based on the yield of reducing sugars released by cellulase action on them, while different possibilities of processing of wastewaters were discussed based on the characteristic of waste flows.

scholarly journals Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Enzymatic Treatment of Argan Pulp Feedstock

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2516
Author(s):  
Jihane Zeghlouli ◽  
Gwendoline Christophe ◽  
Amine Guendouz ◽  
Cherkaoui El Modafar ◽  
Abdeljalil Belkamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Argan Oil ◽  
First Time

Argan pulp is an abundant byproduct from the argan oil process. It was investigated to study the feasibility of second-generation bioethanol production using, for the first time, enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment. Argan pulp was subjected to an industrial grinding process before enzymatic hydrolysis using Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L, followed by fermentation of the resulting sugar solution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The argan pulp, as a biomass rich on carbohydrates, presented high saccharification yields (up to 91% and 88%) and an optimal ethanol bioconversion of 44.82% and 47.16% using 30 FBGU/g and 30 U/g of Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L, respectively, at 10%w/v of argan biomass.

scholarly journals Chemical Pretreatments on Residual Cocoa Pod Shell Biomass for Bioethanol Production

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1490-1500
Author(s):  
Jose F. Alvarez-Barreto ◽  
Fernando Larrea ◽  
Maria C. Pinos C ◽  
Jose Benalcázar ◽  
Daniela Oña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Acid Pretreatment

Cocoa pod shell is an essential agricultural residue in Ecuador, and this study addressed its potential valorization for bioethanol production. For this, three types of pretreatments, acid, alkaline, and autohydrolysis, were applied to pod shells from two different cocoa types, national and CCN-51. to remove the lignin. Untreated and treated biomasses were characterized by composition, thermal stability, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FITR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treated biomass was then enzymatically hydrolyzed with cellulase. Reducing sugars were quantified after pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis, and the pretreatment liquors and the enzymatic hydrolysates were subjected to alcoholic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were substantial differences in composition between both biomasses, particularly in lignin content, with national cocoa having the lowest values. All pretreatment conditions had significant effects on biomass composition, structure, and thermal properties. After alkaline pretreatment, the biomass presented the highest cellulose and lowest lignin contents, resulting in the highest reducing sugar concentration in the pretreatment liquor. The highest lignin content was found after the acid pretreatment, which resulted in low, reducing sugar concentrations. Autohydrolysis produced similar results as the acid pretreatment; however, it resulted in the highest sugar concentration after enzymatic hydrolysis, while the acid-treated sample had negligible levels. After fermentation, there were no differences in productivity among the pretreatment liquors, but autohydrolysis had the largest ethanol yield. In the hydrolysates, it was also autohydrolysis that resulted in higher productivity and yield. Thus, there is an indication of the formation of inhibitors, both enzymatic activity and ethanol production, in the acid and alkaline pretreatments, and this should be tackled in future research. Nonetheless, given the crucial changes observed in biomass, we believe that cocoa pod shell pretreatment has potential for the generation of reducing sugars that could be further used in different bioprocesses, nor only bioethanol production.

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