scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Atmospheric Warming on Staple Crop Growth in China in the 1960s and 2000s

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Yongqiang Yu ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Lijun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
East China ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

Responses of crop growth to climate warming are fundamental to future food security. The response of crops to climate change may be subtly different at their growing stages. Close insights into the differentiated stage-dependent responses of crops are significantly important in making adaptive adjustments of crops’ phenological optimization and cultivar improvement in diverse cropping systems. Using the Agro-C model, we studied the influence of past climate warming on crops in typical cropping systems in China. The results showed that while the temperature had increased distinctly from the 1960s to 2000s, the temperature frequency distributions in the growth season of crops moved to the high-temperature direction. The low temperature days during the crop growth periods that suppress crop growth decreased in the winter wheat area in North and East China, rice and maize areas in Northeast China, and the optimum temperature days increased significantly. As a result, the above ground biomass (AGB) of rice and maize in Northeast China and winter wheat in North and East China increased distinctly, while that of rice in South China had no significant change. A comparison of the key growth periods before and after heading (silking) showed that the warming before heading (silking) made a great contribution to the increase in the AGB, especially for winter wheat.

scholarly journals The Diurnal Cycle of Land–Atmosphere Interactions across Oklahoma’s Winter Wheat Belt

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Haugland ◽  
Kenneth C. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Diurnal Cycles ◽  
Dewpoint Temperature ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This manuscript documents the impact of Oklahoma’s winter wheat belt (WWB) on the near-surface atmosphere by comparing the diurnal cycle of meteorological conditions within the WWB relative to conditions in adjacent counties before and after the wheat harvest. To isolate the impact of the winter wheat belt on the atmosphere, data from several meteorological parameters were averaged to create a diurnal cycle before and after the wheat harvest. Observations from 17 Oklahoma Mesonet sites within the WWB (during a period of 9 yr) were compared with observations from 22 Mesonet sites in adjacent counties outside the winter wheat belt. The average diurnal cycles of dewpoint, temperature, and surface pressure exhibited patterns that revealed a distinct mesoscale impact of the wheat fields. The diurnal patterns were consistent with the status of the wheat crop and the grassland in adjacent counties. The impact of the WWB was shown to be more significant during a month when soil moisture was abundant, and minimal during a month when soil moisture was limited. Statistically significant, hydrostatically consistent afternoon surface pressure anomalies suggest that there is a strong possibility of weak mesoscale circulations induced by the WWB.

scholarly journals The Impact of Global Warming on the Winter Wheat Production of China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xiaolei Qiu ◽  
Tingwei Yin ◽  
Zhiyi Liao ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Northern Winter ◽  
The Impact

The impact of global warming on crop growth periods and yields has been evaluated by using crop models, which need to provide various kinds of input datasets and estimate numerous parameters before simulation. Direct studies on the changes of climatic factors on the observed crop growth and yield could provide a more simple and intuitive way for assessing the impact of climate change on crop production. In this study, four cultivars which were planted over more than 15 years in eight test stations in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China were selected to investigate the relationships between growth periods, grain yields, yield components and temperatures. It was found that average temperatures and heat degree-days (HDD) during the winter wheat growing seasons tended to increase over time series at most study sites. The length of growth period and growing degree days (GDD) were not fixed for a given cultivar among different years and locations, and the variation on the periods from sowing to jointing was relatively greater than in the other periods. The increasing temperature mainly shortened the periods from sowing to jointing and jointing to anthesis, which led to the decrease in entire growth periods. Positive relationships between spike number, grain number per spike, grain yields and average temperatures were identified in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China. The grain yield in the study area increased by 406.3 kg ha−1 for each 1 °C increase in average temperature. Further, although the positive relationship between grain yield and HDD was found in our study, the heat stress did not lead to the wheat yield decline in the study region. Temperature is a major determinant of wheat growth and development, the average temperature and the frequency of heat stresses are projected to increase in the future, so understanding the effect of temperature on wheat production and adopting appropriate adaptation are required for the implementation of food security policies.

scholarly journals Modelling Crop Biomass from Synthetic Remote Sensing Time Series: Example for the DEMMIN Test Site, Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Maninder Singh Dhillon ◽  
Thorsten Dahms ◽  
Carina Kuebert-Flock ◽  
Erik Borg ◽  
Christopher Conrad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
P Value ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crop Biomass

This study compares the performance of the five widely used crop growth models (CGMs): World Food Studies (WOFOST), Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)-Wheat, AquaCrop, cropping systems simulation model (CropSyst), and the semi-empiric light use efficiency approach (LUE) for the prediction of winter wheat biomass on the Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) test site, Germany. The study focuses on the use of remote sensing (RS) data, acquired in 2015, in CGMs, as they offer spatial information on the actual conditions of the vegetation. Along with this, the study investigates the data fusion of Landsat (30 m) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (500 m) data using the spatial and temporal reflectance adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) fusion algorithm. These synthetic RS data offer a 30-m spatial and one-day temporal resolution. The dataset therefore provides the necessary information to run CGMs and it is possible to examine the fine-scale spatial and temporal changes in crop phenology for specific fields, or sub sections of them, and to monitor crop growth daily, considering the impact of daily climate variability. The analysis includes a detailed comparison of the simulated and measured crop biomass. The modelled crop biomass using synthetic RS data is compared to the model outputs using the original MODIS time series as well. On comparison with the MODIS product, the study finds the performance of CGMs more reliable, precise, and significant with synthetic time series. Using synthetic RS data, the models AquaCrop and LUE, in contrast to other models, simulate the winter wheat biomass best, with an output of high R2 (>0.82), low RMSE (<600 g/m2) and significant p-value (<0.05) during the study period. However, inputting MODIS data makes the models underperform, with low R2 (<0.68) and high RMSE (>600 g/m2). The study shows that the models requiring fewer input parameters (AquaCrop and LUE) to simulate crop biomass are highly applicable and precise. At the same time, they are easier to implement than models, which need more input parameters (WOFOST and CERES-Wheat).

Cropping systems for the Southern Great Plains of the United States as influenced by federal policy

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon T. Biermacher ◽  
Francis M. Epplin ◽  
Kent R. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Federal Policy ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central District ◽  
Fair Act ◽  
The Impact

The majority of cropland in the rain-fed region of the North Central District of Oklahoma in the US is seeded with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and most of it is in continuous wheat production. When annual crops are grown in monocultures, weed species and disease agents may become established and expensive to control. For many years prior to 1996, federal policy provided incentives for District producers to grow wheat and disincentives to diversify. In 1996, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act (Freedom to Farm Act) was instituted, followed by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) in 2002. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of FAIR and FSRIA programs on crop diversity in the North Central District of Oklahoma. The economics of three systems, monoculture continuous winter wheat, continuous soybean (Glycine max) and a soybean–winter wheat–soybean rotation, were compared using cash market prices (CASH), CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments (a yield-dependent subsidy) of the FAIR Act of 1996, and CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments of the FSRIA of 2002. We found that the loan deficiency payment structure associated with FAIR provided a non-market incentive that favored soybean. However, under provisions of the 2002 FSRIA, the incentive for soybean was adjusted, resulting in greater expected returns for continuous wheat. Due to erratic weather, soybean may not be a good alternative for the region. Research is needed to identify crops that will fit in a rotation with wheat.

The impact of climate warming and crop management on phenology of sunflower-based cropping systems in Punjab, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 256-257 ◽  
pp. 270-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Shakeel Ahmad ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
Ghulam Abbas ◽  
Sajjad Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Row Spacing and Alternative Crop Effects on Relay-Intercrop, Double-Crop, and Wheat Yields

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Sandler ◽  
Kelly A. Nelson ◽  
Christopher Dudenhoeffer
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Alternative Crops ◽  
The Impact

In Missouri as well as much of the Midwest, the most popular double-cropping system was winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) followed by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr). These two crops can also be used in an intercrop system, but optimal row spacing was important to increase crop productivity. Research was conducted to evaluate (1) winter wheat inter- and double-crop production systems, using a variety of alternative crops, and (2) the impact of different wheat row spacings on intercrop establishment and yields within the various cropping systems. Field research was conducted during droughts in 2012 and 2013. Spacing of wheat rows impacted wheat yields by 150 kg ha−1, as well as yields of the alternative crops. Narrower row spacings (150 kg ha−1) and the double-crop system (575 kg ha−1) increased yield due to the lack of interference for resources with wheat in 2013. Land equivalent ratio (LER) values determining productivity of intercrop systems of 19 and 38 cm row showed an advantage for alternative crops in 2013, but not 2012. This signified that farmers in Northeast Missouri could potentially boost yield potential for a given field and produce additional forage or green manure yields in a year with less severe drought.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Alternative Cropping Systems on Groundwater Consumption and Nitrate Leaching in the Piedmont Area of the North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635
Author(s):  
Meiying Liu ◽  
Leilei Min ◽  
Yanjun Shen ◽  
Lin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Groundwater Consumption ◽  
The Impact

The overexploitation of groundwater and the excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer under the intensive double cropping system are responsible for the groundwater level decline and potential contamination in the North China Plain (NCP). Alternative cropping systems have the potential to alleviate current groundwater and N problems in the region, while there are limited studies simultaneously focusing on the impact of a change of cropping systems on crop yields, groundwater consumption, and N leaching. In this study, Field observed experiments of double-cropping system (i.e., winter wheat–summer maize) and mono-cropping system (early sowing maize) were used to calibrate and validate the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2). Then, the validated RZWQM2 model was used to evaluate the long-term crop growth and environmental impact under the local winter wheat–summer maize rotation system with practical irrigation (WW-SM_pi) and auto-irrigation (WW-SM_ai), and three alternative cropping systems (single early maize, SEM; winter wheat–summer maize and single early maize, WW-SM-SEM; winter wheat-summer maize and double single early maize, WW-SM-2SEM). The net consumption of groundwater and N leaching under WW-SM_pi were 226.9 mm yr−1 and 79.7 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Under the local rotation system, auto-irrigation could increase crop yields and N leaching. Compared with the WW-SM_ai, the alternative cropping systems, WW-SM-SEM, WW-SM-2SEM, and SEM, significantly decreased the net consumption of groundwater by 49.3%, 63.0%, and 97.8%, respectively (147.5–292.9 mm), and N leaching by 53.5%, 67.5%, and 89.6%, respectively (50.0–83.7 kg ha−1). However, the yields of the three alternative cropping systems were reduced by less than 30% (12.2%, 20.1%, and 29.7%, respectively). The simulated results indicated that appropriately decreasing the planting frequency of winter wheat is an effective approach to reduce groundwater overexploitation and N contamination with a relatively limited reduction in grain yields. The results could provide a scientific basis for cropping system adjustment in guaranteeing sustainable regional water and grain policy.

scholarly journals Trends and Climate Response in the Phenology of Crops in Northeast China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengpan Xiao ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Huizi Bai ◽  
Jianzhao Tang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Crop Phenology ◽  
Phenological Changes ◽  
The Impact

Crop phenology is the process of crop growth and yield formation, which is largely driven by climatic conditions. It is vital to investigate the shifts in crop phenological processes in response to climate variability. Previous studies often only explored the response of a single crop phenology to climate change, and lacked comparative studies on the climate response in different crop phenology. We intend to investigate the trends in phenological change of three typical crops (i.e., maize, rice and soybean) in Northeast China (NEC) and their response to climate change during 1981–2010. Its main purpose is to reveal the differences in the sensitivity of different crop phenology to key climate factors [e.g., mean temperature (T), accumulated precipitation (AP) and accumulated sunshine hours (AS) during the crop growth period]. We found that the three crops have different phenological changes and varying ranges, and significant spatial heterogeneity in phenological changes. The results indicated that the lengths of different crop growth stages [e.g., the vegetative growth period (VGP), the reproductive growth period (RGP) and the whole growth period (WGP)] were negatively correlated with T, especially in VGP and WGP. However, the lengths of growth period of the three crops were positively correlated with AP and AS. For each 1°C increase in T, the number of days shortened in WGP (about 5 days) was the largest, and that in RGP (less than 2 days) was the smallest. Therefore, the increases in T during past 3 decades have significantly shortened VGP and WGP of three crops, but had slight and inconsistent effects on RGP. Moreover, changes in AP has slight impact on the growth periods of maize and rice, and significantly shortened RGP and WGP of soybean. Changes in AS exerted important and inconsistent effects on the phenology of three crops. This study indicated that there are significant differences in the sensitivity and response of different crop phenology to climate factors. Therefore, in evaluating the response and adaptation of crops to climate change, comparison and comprehensive analysis of multiple crops are helpful to deeply understand the impact of climate change on crop production.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

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