The Impact of Global Warming on the Winter Wheat Production of China

The impact of global warming on crop growth periods and yields has been evaluated by using crop models, which need to provide various kinds of input datasets and estimate numerous parameters before simulation. Direct studies on the changes of climatic factors on the observed crop growth and yield could provide a more simple and intuitive way for assessing the impact of climate change on crop production. In this study, four cultivars which were planted over more than 15 years in eight test stations in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China were selected to investigate the relationships between growth periods, grain yields, yield components and temperatures. It was found that average temperatures and heat degree-days (HDD) during the winter wheat growing seasons tended to increase over time series at most study sites. The length of growth period and growing degree days (GDD) were not fixed for a given cultivar among different years and locations, and the variation on the periods from sowing to jointing was relatively greater than in the other periods. The increasing temperature mainly shortened the periods from sowing to jointing and jointing to anthesis, which led to the decrease in entire growth periods. Positive relationships between spike number, grain number per spike, grain yields and average temperatures were identified in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China. The grain yield in the study area increased by 406.3 kg ha−1 for each 1 °C increase in average temperature. Further, although the positive relationship between grain yield and HDD was found in our study, the heat stress did not lead to the wheat yield decline in the study region. Temperature is a major determinant of wheat growth and development, the average temperature and the frequency of heat stresses are projected to increase in the future, so understanding the effect of temperature on wheat production and adopting appropriate adaptation are required for the implementation of food security policies.

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The Adaptability of APSIM-Wheat Model in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain of China: A Case Study of Winter Wheat in Hubei Province

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10070981 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 981

Author(s):

Panpan Zhao ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

Fengfeng Li ◽

Xiaoxia Ling ◽

Nanyan Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Yangtze River ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

The Yangtze River ◽

Wheat Production ◽

The Impact

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR) plain represent the second-largest wheat producing area in China; the winter wheat-rice system is one of the main planting systems in this region. The use of the agricultural production system simulator (APSIM)-wheat model to simulate wheat production potential and evaluate the impact of future climate change on wheat production in this region is of great importance. In this study, the adaptability of the APSIM-wheat model in the MLYR was evaluated based on observational data collected in field experiments and daily meteorological data from experimental stations in Wuhan, Jingmen, and Xiangyang in Hubei province. The results showed significant positive relationships between model-predicted wheat growth duration from sowing to anthesis and maturity and the observed values, with coefficients of determination (R2) in ranges of 0.90–0.97 and 0.93–0.96, respectively. The normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of the simulated growth durations and measured values were lower than 1.6%, and the refined index of agreement (dr-values) was in the range of 0.74–0.87. The percent mean absolute relative error (PMARE) was cited here as a new index, with a value below 1.4%, indicating that the model’s rating was excellent. The model’s performance in terms of grain yield and above-ground biomass simulation was also acceptable, although it was not as good as the growth periods simulation. The R2 value was higher than 0.75 and 0.72 for the simulation of grain yield and biomass, respectively. The indices NRMSE and PMARE were lower than 19.8% and 19.9%, and the dr-value was higher than 0.71. According to our results, APSIM-wheat was an effective and accurate model for simulating the phenology and yield production processes of wheat in the MLYR, and the results also provided a theoretical basis and technical support for further research on the yield potential of wheat-rice rotation planting systems with clarification of the key factors limiting the yield gap in this region.

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Modeling the Impact of Atmospheric Warming on Staple Crop Growth in China in the 1960s and 2000s

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12010036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Qing Zhang ◽

Wen Zhang ◽

Yongqiang Yu ◽

Tingting Li ◽

Lijun Yu

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Northeast China ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Crop Growth ◽

East China ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Before And After ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Impact

Responses of crop growth to climate warming are fundamental to future food security. The response of crops to climate change may be subtly different at their growing stages. Close insights into the differentiated stage-dependent responses of crops are significantly important in making adaptive adjustments of crops’ phenological optimization and cultivar improvement in diverse cropping systems. Using the Agro-C model, we studied the influence of past climate warming on crops in typical cropping systems in China. The results showed that while the temperature had increased distinctly from the 1960s to 2000s, the temperature frequency distributions in the growth season of crops moved to the high-temperature direction. The low temperature days during the crop growth periods that suppress crop growth decreased in the winter wheat area in North and East China, rice and maize areas in Northeast China, and the optimum temperature days increased significantly. As a result, the above ground biomass (AGB) of rice and maize in Northeast China and winter wheat in North and East China increased distinctly, while that of rice in South China had no significant change. A comparison of the key growth periods before and after heading (silking) showed that the warming before heading (silking) made a great contribution to the increase in the AGB, especially for winter wheat.

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Effects of precision planting patterns and irrigation on winter wheat yields and water productivity

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000508 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (9) ◽

pp. 1394-1406 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

X. M. MAO ◽

W. W. ZHONG ◽

X. Y. WANG ◽

X. B. ZHOU

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Single Row ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Irrigation Treatments ◽

Precision Planting

SUMMARYThe production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by crop population structures and field microclimates. This 3-year study assessed the effect of different precision planting patterns and irrigation conditions on relative humidity (RH), air and soil temperature within the canopy, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), evapotranspiration (ET), water productivity (WP) and grain yields. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2014 on a two-factor split-plot design with three replicates. The experiments involved three precision planting patterns (single row, alternating single and twin rows [hereafter ‘single–twin’] and twin row) and three irrigation treatments (0 mm (I0), 90 mm (I90) and 180 mm (I180)). Planting patterns and irrigation treatments exerted a significant effect on RH, air and soil temperature, iPAR, ET, WP and grain yield. The lowest RH and iPAR levels were detected in the single row pattern. When the irrigation treatment was identical, the highest soil and air temperatures were detected in the single row pattern, followed by the single–twin row and twin row patterns. Compared with the single row, the single–twin and twin row patterns increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4, WP by 4·7 and 5·7% and yields by 6·0 and 7·9%, respectively. Compared with I0, the I90 and I180 irrigation treatments increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4%, and WP by 4·7 and 5·7%, respectively. The grain yields of the twin row pattern were 5·8 and 1·7% higher than those of the single row and single–twin row patterns, respectively. Compared with I0, I90 increased yield by 19·3%. The twin row pattern improved crop structure and farmland microclimate by increasing RH and iPAR, and reducing soil and air temperatures, thus increasing grain yield. These results indicated that a twin row pattern effectively improved grain yield at I0. On the basis of iPAR, WP and grain yield, it was concluded that a twin row pattern combined with an I90 irrigation treatment provided optimal cropping conditions for the North China plain.

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Estimating Yield Losses Due to Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas Using Disease Phenotypic Data

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-rs-14-0039 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Genna M. Gaunce ◽

William W. Bockus

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Yellow Dwarf ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽

The Impact

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Despite the development of cultivars with improved resistance to BYD, little is known about the impact that this resistance has on yield loss from the disease. The intent of this research was to estimate yield loss in winter wheat cultivars in Kansas due to BYD and quantify the reduction in losses associated with resistant cultivars. During seven years, BYD incidence was visually assessed on numerous winter wheat cultivars in replicated field nurseries. When grain yields were regressed against BYD incidence scores, negative linear relationships significantly fit the data for each year and for the combined dataset covering all seven years. The models showed that, depending upon the year, 19–48% (average 33%) of the relative yields was explained by BYD incidence. For the combined dataset, 29% of the relative yield was explained by BYD incidence. The models indicated that cultivars showing the highest disease incidence that year had 25–86% (average 49%) lower yield than a hypothetical cultivar that showed zero incidence. Using the models, the moderate level of resistance in the cultivar Everest was calculated to reduce yield loss from BYD by about 73%. Therefore, utilizing visual BYD symptom evaluations in Kansas coupled with grain yields is useful to estimate yield loss from the disease. Accepted for publication 1 December 2014. Published 9 January 2015.

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Growth and Yield Performance of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp) as influenced by Row-Spacing and Period of Weed interference in South-West Nigeria

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v6n4p188 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joseph Adigun ◽

A. O. Osipitan ◽

Segun Toyosi Lagoke ◽

Raphael Olusegun Adeyemi ◽

Stephen Olaoluwa Afolami

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Growth Parameter ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Weed Removal

Weed problem appears to be the most deleterious factor causing between 25 and 60% reduction in potential yield of cowpea. Field trials were therefore conducted to study the effect of inter-row spacing and period of weed interference on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07° 15'; 03° 25' E) in South Western Nigeria during the early and late wet seasons of 2009. The experiment consisted of eight main plots of weed interference which included initial weed removal for 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) and subsequently weed –infested until harvest as well as initial weed infestation for corresponding periods and thereafter kept weed free until harvest. There were also sub-plot treatments of three inter-row spacing of 60, 75, and 90 cm. All treatments in different combinations were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. In both trials, the use of inter-row spacing of 60 cm resulted in significant reduction in weed growth as evident in lower weed dry matter production and subsequent higher cowpea pod and grain yields than those of 75 and 90 cm inter-row spacing. Initial weed infestation of up to 3 WAS did not have any adverse effect on crop growth and cowpea grain yields provided the weeds were subsequently removed. On the other hand, cowpea grain yield loss was not significantly averted by keeping the crop weed free for only 3 WAS without subsequent weed removal. In this study, initial weed-infestation for 6 WAS and beyond significantly depressed various crop growth parameter and cowpea grain yield compared with the crop kept weed free throughout its life cycle. In order to obtain optimum yields similar to that of the weed free cowpea field, it was required to keep the crop weed free for 6 WAS and beyond. However, frequent weeding beyond 9 weeks after sowing did not improve cowpea yield significantly and as a matter of fact it may even result in reduction of cowpea grain yield due to mechanical damage of hoe weeding. The practical implication of this finding is that early weeding starting from 3 WAS is very crucial for cowpea production while the critical period of weed removal for optimum yield in cowpea is between 3 and 9 WAS in the forest-savannah transitional zone of south Western Nigeria.

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Community Adaptation Model of Food Security Due to Global Warming in Kulon Progo

10.31227/osf.io/d6jsv ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sri Rum Giyarsih

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Food Security ◽

Survey Methods ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Average Temperature ◽

The Impact

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface. According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) average temperature of the Earth’s surface was global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the 0.74 ± 0.18 0C (1.33 ± 0.32 F) over the last hundred years. The impact of rising temperatures is the climate change effect on agricultural production. If the community does not craft made adaptation to global warming will have an impact on food security. This research aims to know the society’s adaptation to food security as a result of global warming and to know the influence of global warming on food security. The research was carried out based on survey methods. The influence of global warming on food security is identified with a share of household food expenditure and the identification of rainfall. Sampling was done by random sampling. The Data used are the primary and secondary data. Primary Data obtained through structured interviews and depth interview using a questionnaire while the secondary data retrieved from publication data of the Central Bureau Statistics B(BPS), Department of Agriculture and Climatology Meteorology and Geophysics (BMKG). The expected results of the study is to know variations of food security due to global warming in Kulon Progo Regency. Comprehensive knowledge through community participation and related Government increased food security that is used as the basis for drafting the model society’s adaptation to the impacts of global warming.

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Effect of wheat varieties and growth regulators on soil greenhouse gas emissions

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8605 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elsbe von der Lancken ◽

Victoria Nasser ◽

Katharina Hey ◽

Stefan Siebert ◽

Ana Meijide

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Production Systems ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Closed Chamber ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

The Impact ◽

Modern Varieties

The need to sustain global food demand while mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is a challenge for agricultural production systems. Since the reduction of GHGs has never been a breeding target, it is still unclear to which extend different crop varieties will affect GHG emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N-fertilization and of the use of growth regulators applied to three historical and three modern varieties of winter wheat on the emissions of the three most important anthropogenic GHGs, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Furthermore, we aimed at identifying which combination of cultivars and management practises could mitigate GHG emissions in agricultural systems without compromising the yield. GHG measurements were performed using the closed chamber method in a field experiment located in G&#246;ttingen (Germany) evaluating three historical and three modern winter wheat varieties, with or without growth regulators under two fertilization levels (120 and 240&#160;kg nitrogen ha-1). GHG measurements were carried out for 2 weeks following the third nitrogen fertilizer application (where one third of the total nitrogen was applied), together with studies on the evolution of mineral nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon in the soil. Modern varieties showed significantly higher CO2 emissions (i.e. soil and plant respiration; +23&#160;%) than historical varieties. The soils were found to be a sink for CH4, but CH4 fluxes were not affected by the different treatments. N2O emissions were not significantly influenced by the variety age or by the growth regulators, and emissions increased with increasing fertilization level. The global warming potential (GWP) for the modern varieties was 7284.0 &#177; 266.9&#160;kg CO2-eq ha-1. Even though the GWP was lower for the historic varieties (5939.5 &#177; 238.2&#160;kg CO2-eq ha-1), their greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), which relates GHG and crop yield, was larger (1.5 &#177; 0.3&#160;g CO2-eq g-1 grain), compared to the GHGI of modern varieties (0.9 &#177; 0.0&#160;g CO2-eq g-1 grain), due to the much lower grain yield in the historic varieties. Our results suggest that in order to mitigate GHG emissions without compromising the grain yield, the best management practise is to use modern high yielding varieties with growth regulators and a fertilization scheme according to the demand of the crop.

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Breeding progress for pathogen resistance is a second major driver for yield increase in German winter wheat at contrasting N levels

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77200-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Holger Zetzsche ◽

Wolfgang Friedt ◽

Frank Ordon

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Large Scale ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Head Blight ◽

Wheat Production ◽

Over Time

AbstractBreeding has substantially increased the genetic yield potential, but fungal pathogens are still major constraints for wheat production. Therefore, breeding success for resistance and its impact on yield were analyzed on a large panel of winter wheat cultivars, representing breeding progress in Germany during the last decades, in large scale field trials under different fungicide and nitrogen treatments. Results revealed a highly significant effect of genotype (G) and year (Y) on resistances and G × Y interactions were significant for all pathogens tested, i.e. leaf rust, strip rust, powdery mildew and Fusarium head blight. N-fertilization significantly increased the susceptibility to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Resistance was significantly improved over time but at different rates for the pathogens. Although the average progress of resistance against each pathogen was higher at the elevated N level in absolute terms, it was very similar at both N levels on a relative basis. Grain yield was increased significantly over time under all treatments but was considerably higher without fungicides particularly at high N-input. Our results strongly indicate that wheat breeding resulted in a substantial increase of grain yield along with a constant improvement of resistance to fungal pathogens, thereby contributing to an environment-friendly and sustainable wheat production.

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Soil nitrate accumulation and leaching in conventional, optimized and organic cropping systems

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/768/2017-pse ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 156-163

Author(s):

Wang Dapeng ◽

Zheng Liang ◽

Gu Songdong ◽

Shi Yuefeng ◽

Liang Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Root Zone ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

N Leaching ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Organic System ◽

Grain Yields

Excessive nitrogen (N) and water input, which are threatening the sustainability of conventional agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP), can lead to serious leaching of nitrate-N (NO3–-N). This study evaluates grain yield, N and water consumption, NO3–-N accumulation and leaching in conventional and two optimized winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping systems and an organic alfalfa-winter wheat cropping system. The results showed that compared to the conventional cropping system, the optimized systems could reduce N, water consumption and NO3–-N leaching by 33, 35 and 67–74%, respectively, while producing nearly identical grain yields. In optimized systems, soil NO3–-N accumulation within the root zone was about 80 kg N/ha most of the time. In the organic system, N input, water consumption and NO3–-N leaching was reduced even more (by 71, 43 and 92%, respectively, compared to the conventional system). However, grain yield also declined by 46%. In the organic system, NO3–-N accumulation within the root zone was generally less than 30 kg N/ha. The optimized systems showed a considerable potential to reduce N and water consumption and NO3–-N leaching while maintaining high grain yields, and thus should be considered for sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.

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Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-53000-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xiu-Xiu Chen ◽

Wei Zhang ◽

Xiao-Yuan Liang ◽

Yu-Min Liu ◽

Shi-Jie Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Grain Yields ◽

P Concentration ◽

Spike Number

Abstract Although researchers have determined that attaining high grain yields of winter wheat depends on the spike number and the shoot biomass, a quantitative understanding of how phosphorus (P) nutrition affects spike formation, leaf expansion and photosynthesis is still lacking. A 3-year field experiment with wheat with six P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha−1) was conducted to investigate this issue. Stem development and mortality, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and P concentration in whole shoots and in single tillers were studied at key growth stages for this purpose. The results indicated that spike number contributed the most to grain yield of all the yield components in a high-yielding (>8 t/ha) winter wheat system. The main stem (MS) contributed 79% to the spike number and tiller 1 (T1) contributed 21%. The 2.7 g kg−1 tiller P concentration associated with 15 mg kg−1 soil Olsen-P at anthesis stage led to the maximal rate of productive T1s (64%). The critical shoot P concentration that resulted in an adequate product of Pn and LAI was identified as 2.1 g kg−1. The thresholds of shoot P concentration that led to the maximum productive ability of T1 and optimal canopy photosynthetic capacity at anthesis were very similar. In conclusion, the thresholds of soil available P and shoot P concentration in whole plants and in single organs (individual tillers) were established for optimal spike formation, canopy photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. These thresholds could be useful in achieving high grain yields while avoiding excessive P fertilization.

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