scholarly journals Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants

Beverages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Russ Best ◽  
Rachana Naicker ◽  
Peter Maulder ◽  
Nicolas Berger
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Sport And Exercise

Due to its volatility, the qualitative experience of menthol may be modulated by its preparation and combination with other compounds. One such method of preparation is dilution, with two dilution methods existing within the sport and exercise science literature, where menthol is used to impart feelings of oral cooling and improve thermal comfort and sensation during heat exposure. This study compared these two dilution methods; one using a solvent the other using temperature, via a randomized counterbalanced repeated measures design (n = 12; Height: 174.0 ± 8.5 cm Mass: 73.4 ± 13.3 kg Age: 28.7 ± 8.4 y; two exposures to each solution) to assess the effect of solution and heat exposure, upon thermal comfort, thermal sensation and associated physiological parameters in non-heat acclimated participants. Thermal comfort was significantly affected by solution (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.017) and time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.228), whereas thermal sensation was significantly affected by time only (p = 0.012; η2 = 0.133), as was tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.277). Small to moderate clear differences between solutions at matched time points were also observed. These trends and effects suggest that, depending upon the dilution method employed, the resultant perceptual effects are likely impacted; this also likely depends upon the timing of menthol administration within a heat exposure session.

scholarly journals Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial

Beverages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russ Best ◽  
Peter S. Maulder ◽  
Nicolas Berger
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Testing Block

Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n = 12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35 °C; 15 ± 2%) following a 15 min control period, during which the participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (carbohydrate; menthol; water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 ± 90% CI: −0.09–0.52) and water swilling (0.26; −0.04–0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (−0.33; −0.63–0.03) and water (−0.40; from −0.70 to −0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (−0.71; from −1.01 to −0.40 and −0.66; from −0.97 to −0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.

scholarly journals Does One Effect Size Fit All? The Case Against Default Effect Sizes for Sport and Exercise Science

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R Caldwell ◽  
Andrew David Vigotsky
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Repeated Measures Data ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
High Level

Recent discussions in the sport and exercise science community have focused on the appropriate use and reporting of effect sizes. Sport and exercise scientists often analyze repeated-measures data, from which mean differences are reported. To aid the interpretation of these data, standardized mean differences (SMD) are commonly reported as description of effect size. In this manuscript, we hope to alleviate some confusion. First, we provide a philosophical framework for conceptualizing SMDs; that is, by dichotomizing them into two groups: magnitude-based and signal-to-noise based SMDs. Second, we describe the statistical properties of SMDs and their implications. Finally, we provide high-level recommendations for how sport and exercise scientists can thoughtfully report raw effect sizes, SMDs, or other effect sizes for their own studies. This conceptual framework provides sport and exercise scientists with the background necessary to make and justify their choice of an SMD. The code to reproduce all analyses and figures within the manuscript can be found at the following link: https://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FC5XW.

scholarly journals Acceptable surface temperature of floor radiant heating system based on thermal comfort study in southern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Xingyu Lu ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Yuxin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Radiant Heating ◽  
Floor Surface ◽  
Floor Temperature

In winter, people's demand for heating is stronger and stronger in southern China, and the floor radiant heating system is more and more popular. However, there are no suitable guidelines or standards for the floor temperature of the heating system in this area. The insulation performance of buildings in southern is not as good as other area which have central heating system. So the acceptable floor temperature suitable for this area needed to be studied.12 healthy college students participated as samples in this experiment. The floor surface temperature was controlled by varying the temperature of water flowing underneath the floor. The main conclusions were as follows: 1) the floor surface temperature directly affected the skin temperature of the foot and the thermal comfort of the foot. There was a significant statistical relationship between the floor surface temperature and the overall thermal sensation. 2) The acceptable floor temperature ranged from 26.1 °C to 34.3 °C for sitting positions and 24.6 °C ~34.7 °C for standing positions. 3) Considering the head thermal comfort and the health effects of the cumulative effect of long-term heat exposure, the recommended upper limit of the floor temperature in this experiment is 31°C.

scholarly journals Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kealey J. Wohlgemuth ◽  
Luke R. Arieta ◽  
Gabrielle J. Brewer ◽  
Andrew L. Hoselton ◽  
Lacey M. Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science Literature ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Evidenced Based ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

AbstractAlthough there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.

scholarly journals A case against default effect sizes in sport and exercise science

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10314
Author(s):  
Aaron Caldwell ◽  
Andrew D. Vigotsky
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Repeated Measures Data ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
High Level

Recent discussions in the sport and exercise science community have focused on the appropriate use and reporting of effect sizes. Sport and exercise scientists often analyze repeated-measures data, from which mean differences are reported. To aid the interpretation of these data, standardized mean differences (SMD) are commonly reported as a description of effect size. In this manuscript, we hope to alleviate some confusion. First, we provide a philosophical framework for conceptualizing SMDs; that is, by dichotomizing them into two groups: magnitude-based and signal-to-noise SMDs. Second, we describe the statistical properties of SMDs and their implications. Finally, we provide high-level recommendations for how sport and exercise scientists can thoughtfully report raw effect sizes, SMDs, or other effect sizes for their own studies. This conceptual framework provides sport and exercise scientists with the background necessary to make and justify their choice of an SMD.

scholarly journals Impact of Personal Cooling on Performance, Comfort and Heat Strain of Healthcare Workers in PPE, a Study From West Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bonell ◽  
Behzad Nadjm ◽  
Tida Samateh ◽  
Jainaba Badjie ◽  
Robyn Perry-Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Ensure Patient Safety ◽  
Cooling Methods

Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential component of safely treating suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients. PPE acts as a barrier to heat loss, therefore increasing the risk of thermal strain which may impact on cognitive function. Healthcare workers (HCWs) need to be able to prioritize and execute complex tasks effectively to ensure patient safety. This study evaluated pre-cooling and per-cooling methods on thermal strain, thermal comfort and cognitive function during simulated emergency management of an acutely unwell patient.Methods: This randomized controlled crossover trial was run at the Clinical Services Department of the Medical Research Unit The Gambia. Each participant attended two sessions (Cool and Control) in standard PPE. Cool involved pre-cooling with an ice slurry ingestion and per-cooling by wearing an ice-vest external to PPE.Results: Twelve participants completed both sessions. There was a significant increase in tympanic temperature in Control sessions at both 1 and 2 h in PPE (p = 0.01). No significant increase was seen during Cool. Effect estimate of Cool was −0.2°C (95% CI −0.43; 0.01, p = 0.06) post 1 h and −0.28°C (95% CI −0.57; 0.02, p = 0.06) post 2 h on tympanic temperature. Cool improved thermal comfort (p &lt; 0.001), thermal sensation (p &lt; 0.001), and thirst (p = 0.04). No difference on cognitive function was demonstrated using multilevel modeling.Discussion: Thermal strain in HCWs wearing PPE can be safely reduced using pre- and per-cooling methods external to PPE.

scholarly journals Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russ Best ◽  
Peter S Maulder ◽  
Nicolas Berger
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Testing Block

Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n=12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35&deg;C; 15&plusmn;2%), following a 15 min control period, participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (Carbohydrate; Menthol; Water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 &plusmn; 90% CI: -0.09 to 0.52) and water swilling (0.26; -0.04 to 0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (-0.33; -0.63 to 0.03) and water (-0.40; -0.70 to -0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (-0.71; -1.01 to -0.40 and -0.66; -0.97 to -0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Gabriela Tomedi Leites ◽  
Paulo Lague Sehl ◽  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Adriano Detoni Filho ◽  
Flavia Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
C 50

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p143 It’s unclear whether the combination of intense, chronic training and heat exposure during prepubescence improves thermoregulatory responses to exercise in artistic gymnastics athletes. The objective of this study was to compare thermoregulatory and perceptual responses between artistic gymnastics athletes and non-athlete girls while exercising both in heat and thermoneutral conditions. Seven athletes (8.7 ± 1.3 yrs) and 7 nonathletes (9.4 ± 1.5 yrs) cycled for 30 min at load (W) of ~55% VO2peak, on two separate occasions in a randomized order: heat (35˚C, 40% relative humidity) and thermoneutral conditions (24˚C, 50% relative humidity). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, thermal comfort and irritability were measured throughout the exercise. Initial rectal temperature was similar between athletes and non-athletes in both heat (37.2 ± 0.4 vs. 37.4 ± 0.2˚C, respectively) and thermoneutral conditions (37.3 ± 0.2 vs. 37.3 ± 0.3˚C). Final rectal temperature was similar between groups (38.0 ± 0.2 vs. 38.2 ± 0.2˚C in heat and 37.8 ± 0.2 vs. 37.9 ± 0.2˚C in thermoneutral conditions). Initial heart rate was lower in athletes in the heat (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0.01); however, throughout cycling, it became similar between groups. Athletes reported similar perceptual responses compared to non-athletes, with the exception of higher thermal comfort in the 10th minute of exercise in thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.003). It was concluded that athletes were similar to non-athletes with respect to thermoregulatory and perceptual responses during 30 min of cycling at similar relative intensities.

Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽  
Guillermo Vallejo ◽  
Paula Fernández ◽  
Ellián Tuero-Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fixed And Random Effects ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

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