scholarly journals Kinetics of Parasite-Specific Antibody and B-Cell-Associated Gene Expression in Brown Trout, Salmo trutta during Proliferative Kidney Disease

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Saloni Shivam ◽  
Mansour El-Matbouli ◽  
Gokhlesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Time Points

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, a myxozoan endoparasite often causes chronic infection in brown trout. Antiparasite immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells is known as an important determinant of host survival and parasite proliferation during chronic infections. Accordingly, studying their time course during proliferative kidney disease (PKD) might be helpful in improving our understanding of its chronic nature. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine parasite specific serum antibody and B-cell-mediated response in laboratory-infected brown trout at different time points. Brown trout were exposed to the spores of T. bryosalmonae, derived from infected bryozoans. Samples were collected at different time points and processed for indirect ELISA, histopathology, and qRT-PCR. T. bryosalmonae specific antibody was detected at 4 weeks post exposure (wpe) and it persisted until 17 wpe. Additionally, the expressions of C4A, CD34, CD79A, BLNK, CD74, BCL7, and CD22 were differentially regulated in the important immune organs, kidney and spleen. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing anti-T. bryosalmonae antibody response in brown trout at different time points. The results from this study provide valuable insights into the processes leading to changes in B cell development, inflammation and antibody production during the course of PKD in brown trout.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of posterior kidney of brown trout, Salmo trutta, during proliferative kidney disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Sudhagar ◽  
Reinhard Ertl ◽  
Gokhlesh Kumar ◽  
Mansour El-Matbouli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Immune System Process ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Abstract Background Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite which causes economically important and emerging proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. Brown trout, Salmo trutta is a native fish species of Europe, which acts as asymptomatic carriers for T. bryosalmonae. There is only limited information on the molecular mechanism involved in the kidney of brown trout during T. bryosalmonae development. We employed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the global transcriptome changes in the posterior kidney of brown trout during T. bryosalmonae development. Methods Brown trout were exposed to the spores of T. bryosalmonae and posterior kidneys were collected from both exposed and unexposed control fish. cDNA libraries were prepared from the posterior kidney and sequenced. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using standard pipeline of quality control, reference mapping, differential expression analysis, gene ontology, and pathway analysis. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to validate the transcriptional regulation of differentially expressed genes, and their correlation with RNA-seq data was statistically analyzed. Results Transcriptome analysis identified 1169 differentially expressed genes in the posterior kidney of brown trout, out of which 864 genes (74%) were upregulated and 305 genes (26%) were downregulated. The upregulated genes were associated with the regulation of immune system process, vesicle-mediated transport, leucocyte activation, and transport, whereas the downregulated genes were associated with endopeptidase regulatory activity, phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process, connective tissue development, and collagen catabolic process. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first RNA-seq based transcriptome study performed in the posterior kidney of brown trout during active T. bryosalmonae development. Most of the upregulated genes were associated with the immune system process, whereas the downregulated genes were associated with other metabolic functions. The findings of this study provide insights on the immune responses mounted by the brown trout on the developing parasite, and the host molecular machineries modulated by the parasite for its successful multiplication and release.

scholarly journals A brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) population faces devastating consequences due to proliferative kidney disease and temperature increase: A case study from Austria

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoline Waldner ◽  
Thomas Bechter ◽  
Stefan Auer ◽  
Florian Borgwardt ◽  
Mansour El‐Matbouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Temperature-related parasite infection dynamics: the case of proliferative kidney disease of brown trout

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE STREPPARAVA ◽  
HELMUT SEGNER ◽  
ALBERT ROS ◽  
HANNA HARTIKAINEN ◽  
HEIKE SCHMIDT-POSTHAUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Wildlife Diseases ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Transmission Potential

SUMMARYClimate change, in particular rising temperature, is suspected to be a major driver for the emergence of many wildlife diseases. Proliferative kidney disease of salmonids, caused by the myxozoanTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, was used to evaluate how temperature dependence of host–parasite interactions modulates disease emergence. Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) kept at 12 and 15 °C, were experimentally infected withT. bryosalmonae. Parasite development in the fish host and release of spores were quantified simultaneously to unravel parasite transmission potential from the vertebrate to the invertebrate host. A change to a stable plateau in infection intensity of the kidney coincided with a threshold at which spore shedding commenced. This onset of parasite release was delayed at the low temperature in accordance with reaching this infection intensity threshold, but the amount of spores released was irrespective of temperature. The production of parasite transmission stages declined with time. In conclusion, elevated temperature modifies the parasite transmission opportunities by increasing the duration of transmission stage production, which may affect the spread and establishment of the parasite in a wider range of rivers.

scholarly journals Proliferative Kidney Disease and Proliferative Darkening Syndrome are Linked with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) Mortalities in the Pre-Alpine Isar River

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt ◽  
Fux ◽  
Blutke ◽  
Schwaiger ◽  
El-Matbouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
The North ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae ◽  
Salmo Trutta Fario

For many years, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) mortalities within the pre-alpine Isar River in Germany were reported by the Bavarian Fisheries Association (Landesfischereiverband Bayern e.V.) and local recreational anglers during August and September. Moribund fish seemed to be affected by proliferative darkening syndrome (PDS). In addition, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae was discussed. To investigate this phenomenon, the present field study monitored brown trout mortalities by daily river inspection in 2017 and 2018. Moribund brown trout (n = 31) were collected and examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and quantitative stereology. Our investigations identified 29 (93.5%) brown trout affected by PKD. Four brown trout (12.9%) displayed combined hepatic and splenic lesions fitting the pathology of PDS. The piscine orthoreovirus 3, suspected as causative agent of PDS, was not detectable in any of the samples. Quantitative stereological analysis of the kidneys revealed a significant increase of the renal tissue volumes with interstitial inflammation and hematopoietic hyperplasia in PKD-affected fish as compared to healthy brown trout. The identified T. bryosalmonae strain was classified as part of the North American clade by phylogenetical analysis. This study highlights PKD and PDS as contributing factors to recurrent autumnal brown trout mortalities.

scholarly journals Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Pojezdal ◽  
Mikolaj Adamek ◽  
Eva Syrová ◽  
Dieter Steinhagen ◽  
Hana Minářová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae ◽  
Salmo Trutta Fario

The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression Profiling of Toll-Like Receptors of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) during Proliferative Kidney Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Sudhagar ◽  
Mansour El-Matbouli ◽  
Gokhlesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Proliferative kidney disease is an emerging disease among salmonids in Europe and North America caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. The decline of endemic brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Alpine streams of Europe is fostered by T. bryosalmonae infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that acts as sentinels of the immune system against the invading pathogens. However, little is known about the TLRs’ response in salmonids against the myxozoan infection. In the present study, we identified and evaluated TLR1, TLR19, and TLR13-like genes of brown trout using data-mining and phylogenetic analysis. The expression pattern of TLRs was examined in the posterior kidney of brown trout infected with T. bryosalmonae at various time points. Typical Toll/interleukin-1 receptor protein domain was found in all tested TLRs. However, TLR13-like chr2 had a short amino acid sequence with no LRR domain. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that TLR orthologs are conserved across vertebrates. Similarly, a conserved synteny gene block arrangement was observed in the case of TLR1 and TLR19 across fish species. Interestingly, all tested TLRs showed their maximal relative expression from 6 to 10 weeks post-exposure to the parasite. Our results suggest that these TLRs may play an important role in the innate defense mechanism of brown trout against the invading T. bryosalmonae.

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