scholarly journals Review of Animal Models to Study Urinary Bladder Function

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Jing-Dung Shen ◽  
Szu-Ju Chen ◽  
Huey-Yi Chen ◽  
Kun-Yuan Chiu ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Laboratory Facility ◽  
Point Pressure ◽  
Bladder Disorders ◽  
Multiple Symptoms ◽  
Mini Pigs

The urinary bladder (UB) serves as a storage and elimination organ for urine. UB dysfunction can cause multiple symptoms of failure to store urine or empty the bladder, e.g., incontinence, frequent urination, and urinary retention. Treatment of these symptoms requires knowledge on bladder function, which involves physiology, pathology, and even psychology. There is no ideal animal model for the study of UB function to understand and treat associated disorders, as the complexity in humans differs from that of other species. However, several animal models are available to study a variety of other bladder disorders. Such models include animals from rodents to nonhuman primates, such as mice, rats, rabbits, felines, canines, pigs, and mini pigs. For incontinence, vaginal distention might mimic birth trauma and can be measured based on leak point pressure. Using peripheral and central models, inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction, and genetic models facilitated the study of overactive bladder. However, the larger the animal model, the more difficult the study is, due to the associated animal ethics issues, laboratory facility, and budget. This review aims at facilitating adapted animal models to study bladder function according to facility, priority, and disease.

Effect of Doxazosin on rat urinary bladder function after partial outlet obstruction

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag K. Das ◽  
Robert E. Leggett ◽  
Catherine Whitbeck ◽  
George Eagen ◽  
Robert M. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Rat Urinary Bladder

Guinea pig as an animal model for the study of urinary bladder function in the normal and obstructed state

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek L. Mostwin ◽  
Omer M. A. Karim ◽  
Gommert Van Koeveringe ◽  
Narihito Seki
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Bladder Function

scholarly journals Urinary Bladder Contraction and Relaxation: Physiology and Pathophysiology

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Erik Andersson ◽  
Anders Arner
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detrusor Smooth Muscle ◽  
Functional Changes

The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function during filling and micturition. These processes are regulated by several external nervous and hormonal control systems, and the detrusor contains multiple receptors and signaling pathways. Functional changes of the detrusor can be found in several clinically important conditions, e.g., lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and bladder outlet obstruction. The aim of this review is to summarize and synthesize basic information and recent advances in the understanding of the properties of the detrusor smooth muscle, its contractile system, cellular signaling, membrane properties, and cellular receptors. Alterations in these systems in pathological conditions of the bladder wall are described, and some areas for future research are suggested.

scholarly journals The Role of PIEZO1 in Urinary Bladder Function and Dysfunction in a Rodent Model of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine I. K. Beča ◽  
Beatrice M. Girard ◽  
Thomas J. Heppner ◽  
Grant W. Hennig ◽  
Gerald M. Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Intravesical Instillation ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Vehicle Treatment ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

In the urinary bladder, mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) underlie the transduction of bladder stretch into sensory signals that are relayed to the PNS and CNS. PIEZO1 is a recently identified MSC that is Ca2+ permeable and is widely expressed throughout the lower urinary tract. Recent research indicates that PIEZO1 is activated by mechanical stretch or by pharmacological agonism via Yoda1. Aberrant activation of PIEZO1 has been suggested to play a role in clinical bladder pathologies like partial bladder outlet obstruction and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). In the present study, we show that intravesical instillation of Yoda1 in female Wistar rats leads to increased voiding frequency for up to 16 hours after administration compared to vehicle treatment. In a cyclophosphamide (CYP) model of cystitis, we found that the gene expression of several candidate MSCs (Trpv1, Trpv4, Piezo1, and Piezo2) were all upregulated in the urothelium and detrusor following chronic CYP-induced cystitis, but not acute CYP-induced cystitis. Functionally with this model, we show that Ca2+ activity is increased in urothelial cells following PIEZO1 activation via Yoda1 in acute and intermediate CYP treatment, but not in naïve (no CYP) nor chronic CYP treatment. Lastly, we show that activation of PIEZO1 may contribute to pathological bladder dysfunction through the downregulation of several tight junction genes in the urothelium including claudin-1, claudin-8, and zona occludens-1. Together, these data suggest that PIEZO1 activation plays a role in dysfunctional voiding behavior and may be a future, clinical target for the treatment of pathologies like IC/BPS.

Protective Effects of Inosine on Urinary Bladder Function in Rats With Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Urology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1417-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Liping Yao ◽  
Jianlin Yuan ◽  
Heliang Liu ◽  
Xiaojian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Bladder Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Inflammational Animal Models for Schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Immunological System

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.

scholarly journals Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4221
Author(s):  
Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽  
Svend Borup Jensen ◽  
Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽  
Lars Jødal ◽  
Pia Afzelius
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

scholarly journals Transurethral versus suprapubic catheterization to test urethral function in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Janssen ◽  
Kangli Deng ◽  
Steve J. A. Majerus ◽  
Dan Li Lin ◽  
Brett Hanzlicek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outlet Obstruction ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
External Urethral Sphincter ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Suprapubic Catheterization ◽  
Sphincter Electromyography ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Point Pressure ◽  
Urethral Function

AbstractTransurethral and suprapubic catheterization have both been used to test urethral function in rats; however, it is unknown whether these methods affect urethral function or if the order of catheterization affects the results. The aim of this cross-over designed experiment was to compare the effects of catheterization methods and order on leak point pressure (LPP) testing. LPP and simultaneous external urethral sphincter electromyography (EUS EMG) were recorded in anesthetized female virgin Sprague-Dawley rats in a cross-over design to test the effects of transurethral and suprapubic catheterization. There was no significant difference in peak bladder pressure during LPP testing whether measured with a transurethral or suprapubic catheter. There was no significant difference in peak bladder pressure between the first and second catheter insertions. However, peak EMG firing rate, as well as peak EMG amplitude and EMG amplitude difference between peak and baseline were significantly higher after the first catheter insertion compared to the second insertion, regardless of the catheter method. Our results suggest that route of catheterization does not alter urethral function, e.g. create a functional partial outlet obstruction. Either catheterization method could be used for LPP and/or EUS EMG testing in rats.

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