Antibacterial Therapy by Ag+ Ions Complexed with Titan Yellow/Congo Red and Albumin during Anticancer Therapy of Urinary Bladder Cancer

According to the World Health Organization report, the increasing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is one of the biggest global health problems. The percentage of bacterial strains showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to commonly used antibiotics is growing rapidly. Therefore, the search for alternative solutions to antibiotic therapy has become critical to combat this phenomenon. It is especially important as frequent and recurring infections can cause cancer. One example of this phenomenon is urinary tract infections that can contribute to the development of human urinary bladder carcinoma. This tumor is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in humans. It occurs almost three times more often in men than in women, and in terms of the number of cases, it is the fifth malignant neoplasm after prostate, lung, colon, and stomach cancer. The risk of developing the disease increases with age. Despite the improvement of its treatment methods, the current outcome in the advanced stages of this tumor is not satisfactory. Hence, there is an urgent need to introduce innovative solutions that will prove effective even in the advanced stage of the disease. In our study, a nanosystem based on ionic silver (Ag+) bound to a carrier—Titan yellow (TY) was analyzed. The possibility of binding the thus formed TY-Ag system to Congo red (CR) and albumin (BSA) was determined. TY-Ag binding to CR provides for better nanosystem solubility and enables its targeted intracellular transport and binding to immune complexes. The binding of TY-Ag or CR-TY-Ag to albumin also protects the system against the uncontrolled release of silver ions. It will also allow the delivery of silver in a targeted manner directly to the desired site in the case of intravenous administration of such a system. In this study, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) values of the TY-Ag or BSA-TY-Ag systems were determined in two reference strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The paper presents nanosystems with a size of about 40–50 nm, with an intense antibacterial effect obtained at concentrations of 0.019 mM. We have also discovered that TY-Ag free or complexed with BSA (with a minimal Ag+ dose of 15–20 mM) inhibited cancer cells proliferation. TY-Ag complex diminished migration and effectively inhibited the T24 cell viability and induced apoptosis. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been shown that the presented systems may have anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties at the same time. TY-Ag or BSA-TY-Ag are new potential drugs and may become in future important therapeutic compounds in human urinary bladder carcinoma treatment and/or potent antimicrobial factors as an alternative to antibiotics.

Enhanced Expression but Decreased Specific Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10) in Comparison with Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) in Human Urinary Bladder Carcinoma

Human urinary bladder cancer is a huge worldwide oncological problem causing many deaths every year. The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) induced by molecules such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is one of the main factors influencing the process of metastasis origination. The MMP expression is tied to tumor aggressiveness, stage, and patient prognosis. The cleavage of constituent proteins is initiated and prolonged by matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-3 and MMP-10. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and activity of both MMPs in human urinary bladder cancer occurring at various stages of the disease. Tissue samples from patients with urinary bladder cancer were analyzed. Samples were collected from patients with a low- and high-grade cancer. Control tissue was collected from the site opposite to the tumor. DNA content, MMPs content, and activity of MMP-3 and MMP-10 were measured using ELISA and Western blot techniques. MMP-3 and MMP-10 occur in high molecular complexes in human urinary bladder in healthy and cancerous tissues. Particularly, in high-grade tumors, the content of MMP-10 prevails over MMP-3. The actual and specific activities vary in both grades of urinary bladder cancer; however, the highest activity for MMP-3 and MMP-10 was found in low-grade tissues. In conclusion, MMP-10 had a higher content, but a lower activity in all investigated tissues compared to MMP-3. Generally, obtained results demonstrated a contrary participation of MMP-3 and MMP-10 in ECM remodeling what may be crucial in the pathogenesis of human urinary bladder carcinoma.

HUMAN URINARY BLADDER GLANDS AND THERE MACRO-MICROSCOPIC PECULIARITIES

Purpose of the investigation is to learn the morphological peculiarities (quantity parameters, age, individual and regional characteristics) of the glands of urinary bladder in the different age stages of the postnatal ontogenesis in the norm. A macro-microscopy method on total preparations of a wall of the bladder 54 received from corpses. Victims from the casual reasons at the age from the period newborn to senile age and we investigated variants of the form of a bladder glands, feature of its change in different sites of a wall of organ (proximal, average, distal thirds), taking into account age. Glands have preliminary been painted 0.05 % by a solution methylene dark blue with Sinelnicov’s method. The glands were investigated with the application of stereomicroscopic-binocular microscope MBS-9. Statistical data processing included calculation of arithmeticmean values, their errors, confidential intervals (excel). In quantity of the parameters of the urinary bladder, glands have individual changeability in the investigation. The boundary of variation of the parameters of the urinary bladder glands is rather wider in the maturity and senile stages. Connected with biological activity of the people in the definite degree, the quantity of the glands does not change in comparison with elderly period in old stage. In the stages of the first maturity and majority, the parameters of the measure and quantity of the urinary bladder glands in the women have difference from men. In this microscopic investigation, there is very important anatomical scientific information about the human urinary bladder glands that in the different stages, their quantity, age, form and regional changeability, proximal-distal gradient as well as other anatomical facts were established.

THE GLANDS AND LYMPHOID STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN URINARY BLADDER IN SPHINCTERS ZONES

We have studied the glands and lymphoid structures of urinary bladder of human in sphincters zones with morphological methods on 38 preparations of different ages (from newborn till to senile period). the glands (by RD Sinelnikov method) and lymphoid structures were investigated by macro-microscopic methods after stained by Hellman method. The micro preparations incisions sphincters zones of a urinary bladder in the thickness 5-7 microns were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, by Van-Gizon, Veygert and Kreyberg methods. In the sphincters zones the glands are in close microtopographical relations with lymphoid structures (lymphoid nodules and diffuse lymph tissue) and as a rule the glands are located densely. Without dependence from age, microanatomy parameters of the glands and lymphoid structures of the sphincters zones of urinary bladder are more than in outside. Dimensional indicators at right and left ureters sphincters almost correspond. It is connected by a similar design. At senile age, lymphoid structures in sphincters of a urinary bladder are single or absent.

Measuring the Capacity of Urine in the Post Mortem Human Urinary Bladder in a Selected Medical College

Background: Urinary bladder diseases are one of the clinical problems encountered in our daily practice.The incidence of these diseases rises with advanced age. These diseases are diagnosed clinically andconfirmed by various non invasive as well as invasive procedures and wall abnormalities are themost important indicator to diagnose such diseases. All these conditions require medical and surgicalintervention. Thereby knowledge regarding normal capacity of urinary bladder is essential to determinethe physiologic variation of this organ. Therefore, full knowledge about gross and histological features ofthe urinary bladder has hard & fast implication for the investigation, diagnosis and further management.With this background the present study has been designed to evaluate the capacity of urine in postmortemhuman urinary bladder. Objectives: To identify the socio-demographic determinants and to determine thecapacity of urine in post mortem human urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptivetype of longitudinal study. Sample size was estimated by reviewing literatures and by expert opinion and70 human postmortem urinary bladders fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected in thisstudy. This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet in collaboration with the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College,Sylhet from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. Results: The age of the cadaver ranged from 10 to65 years with the mean age of 32.20 (SD ± 14.38) years; 15 (21.40%) cadavers were in the age group of10-20 years, 36 (51.4%) cadavers were in the age group of 21-40 years and 19 (27.1%) cadavers werein the age group 41-65 years. There were 52 (74.3%) male and 18 (25.7%) female with a ratio of maleto female was 2.89:1. The mean capacity was 35.23 (SD ± 7.48) ml. The mean capacity of the urinarybladder was 31.20 ml (SD ± 7.28); 37.92 ml (SD ± 7.31) and 33.32 ml (SD ± 6.13) in the age group of A,B and C respectively. The difference between group A and B was highly significant (p=0.004); betweengroup B and C was significant (p=0.023); but not significant between group A and C (p=0.364). The meancapacity of urinary bladder of male and female did not differ significantly in age group A (p=0.117),group B (p=0.145) and group C (p=0.241). Conclusion: The gross capacity of urinary bladder was foundincreased with age up to certain limit then slightly decreased in the late age. But the capacity did not differsignificantly between male and female. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.170-176