scholarly journals Nematicidal Activity of Benzyloxyalkanols against Pine Wood Nematode

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Junheon Kim ◽  
Su Jin Lee ◽  
Joon Oh Park ◽  
Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Continuous Use

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and causes severe environmental damage to global pine forest ecosystems. The current strategies used to control PWN are mainly chemical treatments. However, the continuous use of these reagents could result in the development of pesticide-resistant nematodes. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to find potential alternatives to the currently used PWN control agents abamectin and emamectin. Benzyloxyalkanols (BzOROH; R = C2–C9) were synthesized and the nematicidal activity of the synthetic compounds was investigated. Enzymatic inhibitory assays (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) were performed with BzOC8OH and BzOC9OH to understand their mode of action. The benzyloxyalkanols showed higher nematicidal activity than did benzyl alcohol. Among the tested BzOROHs, BzC8OH and BzC9OH showed the strongest nematicidal activity. The LD50 values of BzC8OH and BzC9OH were 246.1 and 158.0 ppm, respectively. No enzyme inhibitory activity was observed for BzC8OH and BzC9OH. The results suggested that benzyloxyalcohols could be an alternative nematicidal agent.

Nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus of isoobtusilactone A isolated from Persea americana

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Le Dang ◽  
Hyeok Ran Kwon ◽  
Yong Ho Choi ◽  
Gyung Ja Choi ◽  
Kyoung Soo Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Thespesia Populnea

Abstract Methanol extracts of 50 plant species were assessed for nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Out of these, five extracts: Justicia diclipteroides subsp. usambarica; Nerium oleander; Persea americana; Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. multiflorus; and Thespesia populnea, caused 96-100% mortalities of pine wood nematode at 1000 μg ml–1 for 48 h. Methanol extract of the stem bark of P. americana (avocado) and the n-hexane layer obtained from the methanol extract by solvent partitioning caused 100% mortality of PWN at low concentrations of 125 and 63 μg ml–1, respectively. One potent nematicidal compound was isolated from the stem bark of P. americana and its chemical structure was determined to be isoobtusilactone A (1) by mass and NMR spectral analyses. The chemical showed a very strong nematicidal activity against PWN; it caused mortalities of over 97% at concentrations higher than 50 μg ml–1. Compared with a commercial synthetic nematicide, morantel tartrate, compound 1 showed a little more potent activity. The results suggested that compound 1 may have the potential to be explored as a natural nematicide or be useful as a lead molecule for development of new nematicidal agents for controlling the pine wilt disease caused by B. xylophilus.

Enhanced accumulation of pinosylvin stilbenes and related gene expression in Pinus strobus after infection of pine wood nematode

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwan-Su Hwang ◽  
Jung Yeon Han ◽  
Yong Eui Choi
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Pine Wood

Abstract Pine wood nematodes (PWNs: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) infect pine trees and cause serious pine wilt disease. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) has resistance to PWN. However, the detailed defense mechanisms of P. strobus against PWN are not well known. When P. strobus plants were infected with PWNs, the accumulation of stilbenoids, dihydropinosylvin monomethyl ether (DPME) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PME), were increased remarkably. DPME and PME had the high nematicidal activity. Interestingly, the nematicidal activity of the two compounds was resulted in a developmental stage-dependent manner. PME was more toxic to adult PWNs than juveniles, whereas DPME was found more toxic to juvenile PWNs than the adults. The genes involved in PME and DPME biosynthesis such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), pinosylvin synthase (STS), and pinosylvin O-methyltransferase (PMT) were isolated using de novo sequencing of the transcriptome in P. strobus. In addition, transcription factors (bHLH, MYB and WRKY) related to stilbene biosynthesis were isolated. qPCR analyses of the selected genes (PAL, 4CL, STS, and PMT) including transcription factors (bHLH, MYB and WRKY) revealed that the expression level of the selected genes highly enhanced after PWN infection. Our results suggest that pinosylvin-type stilbenoid biosynthesis is highly responsive to PWN infection and plays an important role in PWN resistance of P. strobus trees.

Nematicidal Activity of Teleocidin B4 Isolated from Streptomyces sp. against Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min‐Kyoung Kang ◽  
Min‐Hee Kim ◽  
Hae‐Ryong Park ◽  
Min‐Jiao Liu ◽  
Chun Zhi Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Streptomyces Sp

scholarly journals Cathepsin L-like Cysteine Proteinase Genes Are Associated with the Development and Pathogenicity of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Xue ◽  
Xiao-Qin Wu ◽  
Wan-Jun Zhang ◽  
Li-Na Deng ◽  
Miao-Miao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Rapid Amplification

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), resulting in huge losses in pine forests. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CPL) genes are multifunctional genes related to the parasitic abilities of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their functions in PWN remain unclear. We cloned three cpl genes of PWN (Bx-cpls) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and analyzed their characteristics using bioinformatic methods. The tissue specificity of cpl gene of PWN (Bx-cpl) was studied using in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH). The functions of Bx-cpls in development and pathogenicity were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the full-length cDNAs of Bx-cpl-1, Bx-cpl-2, and Bx-cpl-3 were 1163 bp, 1305 bp, and 1302 bp, respectively. Bx-cpls could accumulate specifically in the egg, intestine, and genital system of PWN. During different developmental stages of PWN, the expression of Bx-cpls in the egg stage was highest. After infection, the expression levels of Bx-cpls increased and reached their highest at the initial stage of PWD, then declined gradually. The silencing of Bx-cpl could reduce the feeding, reproduction, and pathogenicity of PWN. These results revealed that Bx-cpls play multiple roles in the development and pathogenic processes of PWN.

Identification of a novel effector BxSapB3 that enhances the virulence of pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1071-1078
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Longjiao Hu ◽  
Xiaoqin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Weakly Virulent

Abstract Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, leads to severe damage to pine forests in China. In our previous study, effectors secreted by this pathogen were shown to play roles in the different infection stages of pine wilt disease, and a series of candidate effectors were predicted by transcriptome sequencing. This study identified and characterized a novel effector, BxSapB3, which was among these candidate effectors. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression was used to identify BxSapB3. BxSapB3 was secreted by B. xylophilus and found to be capable of inducing cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that BxSapB3 was upregulated in a highly virulent strain of B. xylophilus and expressed at lower levels in a weakly virulent strain at the early stages of infection. When BxSapB3 was silenced in B. xylophilus, the process of infection was delayed. These results indicate that BxSapB3 acts as an effector and contributes to virulence at the early stages of B. xylophilus infection.

Nematicidal activity of onion (Allium cepa) oil and its components against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Chul Shin ◽  
Il-Kwon Park ◽  
In-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Weak Activity

AbstractOnion oil and its components were tested for their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, with 96-well plate bioassays. Responses varied with test materials and concentration. Good nematicidal activity against male, female and juvenile nematodes of B. xylophilus was achieved with onion oil. The LC50 values of onion oil against male, female and juvenile pine wood nematodes were 17.6, 13.8 and 12.1 μg ml−1, respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of four major sulphur compounds: propyl disulphide, propyl trisulphide, methyl propyl disulphide and methyl propyl trisulphide. These four compounds and propyl sulphide and methyl propyl sulphide were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against pine wood nematode. LC50 values of propyl trisulphide and methyl propyl trisulphide against juvenile nematode were 5.0 and 22.9 μg ml−1, respectively. Other sulphur compounds showed weak activity.

scholarly journals Sampling design for efficient detection of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in diseased trees using a DNA detection kit: variation across branch, trunk and tree

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Nakabayashi ◽  
Takuya Aikawa ◽  
Michinari Matsushita ◽  
Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Dna Detection ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Minimum Number

Summary Detection of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is fundamental for effective control of pine wilt disease. Recent molecular techniques, such as DNA detection, have enhanced detectability of the nematodes whereas appropriate field sampling has received less attention. In order to elucidate a sampling design that most efficiently detects B. xylophilus using a commercially-distributed DNA detection kit, we compared detection levels of B. xylophilus using wood chips taken from various positions on dead trees. Results showed that the DNA kit had a higher detection level than the conventional method, and that trunk samples had higher levels than branch samples. Statistical model revealed that among-tree variation influenced the detectability more strongly than within-tree variation. Our results suggest that, in practice, with limited resources for control, it is more efficient to take samples from many trees with a minimum number from each tree, rather than taking many samples from a small number of trees.

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pines infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus in China, including three new species

MycoKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
HuiMin Wang ◽  
YingYing Lun ◽  
Quan Lu ◽  
HuiXiang Liu ◽  
Cony Decock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Japanese Pine Sawyer

The activity of the pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchusxylophilusleads to extremely serious economic, ecological and social losses in East Asia. The nematode causes pine wilt disease, which is currently regarded as the most important forest disease in China. The pathogenic nematode feeds on dendrocola fungi to complete its cycle of infection. As the vector of the nematode, the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamusalternatus) also carries dendrocola fungi. Pine woods, infected byB.xylophilusand tunnelled byM.alternatus, are also inhabited by ophiostomatoid fungi. These fungi are well known for their association with many bark and ambrosia beetles. They can cause sapstain and other serious tree diseases. The aims of our study were to investigate and identify the ophiostomatoid communities associated with the epidemic pine wood nematode and the pine sawyer inPinusmassonianaandP.thunbergiiforests, which are the main hosts of the pine wood nematode in China. Two hundred and forty strains of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from nematode and sawyer–infected trees in the coastal Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces, representing newly and historically infected areas, respectively. Six ophiostomatoid species were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular data. For the latter, DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) region and partial b-tubulin gene were examined. The ophiostomatoid species included one known species,Ophiostomaips, three novel species, viz.Ophiostomaalbumsp. nov.,Ophiostomamassonianasp. nov.andSporothrixzhejiangensissp. nov.and two species whose identities are still uncertain, Ophiostomacf.deltoideosporum and Graphilbumcf.rectangulosporium, due to the paucity of the materials obtained. The ophiostomatoid community was dominated byO.ips. This study revealed that a relatively high species diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi are associated with pine infected byB.xylophilusandM.alternatusin China.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Response of Two Pinus Species to Infection with the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Gaspar ◽  
Trindade ◽  
Usié ◽  
Meireles ◽  
Fortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Pinus Spp

Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, in particular Pinus spp. Recently, the presence of PWN was reported in dead Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis) trees under natural conditions. To further understand the potential impact caused by PWN in Yunnan pine populations, a transcriptional profiling analysis was performed over different time points (0 hours (h), 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days) after PWN inoculation. A total of 9961 differentially expressed genes were identified after inoculation, which suggested a dynamic response against the pathogen, with a more intense pattern at 48 h after inoculation. The results also highlighted a set of biological mechanisms triggered after inoculation that provide valuable information regarding the response of Yunnan pine to PWN infection. When compared with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), the Yunnan pine response was less complex and involved a smaller number of differentially expressed genes, which may be associated with the increased degree of resistance to PWN displayed by Yunnan pine. These results revealed different strategies to cope with PWN infection by these two pine species, which display contrasting degrees of susceptibility, especially in the timely perception of the infection and response magnitude.

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