scholarly journals The Local Neuropeptide System of Keratinocytes

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1854
Author(s):  
Nicola Cirillo
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Oral Keratinocytes ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptides have been known for over 50 years as chemical signals in the brain. However, it is now well established that the synthesis of this class of peptides is not restricted to neurons. For example, human skin not only expresses several functional receptors for neuropeptides but, also, can serve as a local source of neuroactive molecules such as corticotropin-releasing hormone, melanocortins, and β-endorphin. In contrast, an equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the oral mucosa has not been well characterized to date. In view of the differences in the morphology and function of oral mucosal and skin cells, in this review I surveyed the existing evidence for a local synthesis of hypothalamic-pituitary, opiate, neurohypophyseal, and neuroendocrine neuropeptides in both epidermal and oral keratinocytes.

Expression and Function of Cytochrome P450-Dependent Enzymes in Human Skin Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 2258-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baron ◽  
T. Wiederholt ◽  
R. Heise ◽  
H. Merk ◽  
D. Bickers
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Human Skin Cells ◽  
And Function

Human skin melanocyces: their role in normal and pathological conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Е.В. Джуссоева ◽  
Т.Д. Колокольцова ◽  
И.Н. Сабурина
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Pigmentation Disorders ◽  
Age Related Changes

Обзор включает данные анализа современной литературы по вопросам происхождения и дифференцировки клеток-предшественников меланоцитов в эмбриогенезе и взрослом состоянии, их локализации и роли в пигментации кожи и волос. Особое внимание в обзоре уделено рассмотрению факторов, участвующих или влияющих на процессы нормального меланогенеза и патологических нарушений пигментации, обусловленных влиянием генетических и эпигенетических факторов, а также процессов старения клеток. Идентификация и понимание процессов меланогенеза, а также механизмов изменения функциональной активности меланоцитов кожи человека облегчит понимание патогенеза нарушений пигментации и позволит разрабатывать новые высокоэффективные препараты для профилактики и терапии заболеваний, коррекции возрастных изменений, а также препаратов, снижающих риск развития рака кожи. Melanocytes represent an important type of human skin cells. They synthesize the pigment melanin, which determines skin pigmentation and provideds protection from ultraviolet radiation and other external factors. Regulation of pigmentation involves many factors essential for development, regeneration, and aging of melanocytes and their precursors as well as the factors involved in synthesis of melanin, formation, transport and distribution of melanosomes and melanocyte-specific transcription factors that control the expression and function of all these genes. This review focused on origination and differentiation of melanocyte progenitor cells in embryogenesis and adulthood, their localization and role in skin and hair pigmentation. Particular attention was paid to the factors involved in or affecting processes of normal melanogenesis, pigmentation abnormalities due to genetic and epigenetic factors, and the processes of cell aging. The authors underlined that melanogenesis and the pigment packing and transportation to epithelial cells are complex and multifactorial processes determined by many external and internal factors, such as performance of genes, enzymes, structural proteins, and effects of hormones and medicines. Age-related changes in cells and the body as a whole are serious factors of pigmentation disorders. Despite numerous studies, information about possibilities of influencing the processes of aging or pathological disorders of skin pigmentation is extremely scarce. Identification and understanding processes involved in melanogenesis and mechanisms of changes in the functioning of human skin melanocytes will facilitate understanding the pathogenesis of pigmentation disorders and help developing new, highly effective drugs for prevention and treatment of diseases or age-related changes, specifically for prevention or reducing the risk of skin cancer.

scholarly journals Differential effects of graphene materials on the metabolism and function of human skin cells

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 11604-11615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Frontiñán-Rubio ◽  
M. Victoria Gómez ◽  
Cristina Martín ◽  
Jose M. González-Domínguez ◽  
Mario Durán-Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling ◽  
Human Skin Cells ◽  
And Function

Low doses of GO or FLG produce a metabolic remodeling that differentially affects human skin cell death and motility.

Ultrastructure of developing visual cortical synapses in the cat superior colliculus

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Miller ◽  
Laura L. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Cortical Area ◽  
Cortical Synapses ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cat Superior Colliculus

The first visual cortical axons arrive in the cat superior colliculus by the time of birth. Adultlike receptive fields develop slowly over several weeks following birth. The developing cortical axons go through a sequence of changes before acquiring their adultlike morphology and function. To determine how these axons interact with neurons in the colliculus, cortico-collicular axons were labeled with biocytin (an anterograde neuronal tracer) and studied with electron microscopy.Deeply anesthetized animals received 200-500 nl injections of biocytin (Sigma; 5% in phosphate buffer) in the lateral suprasylvian visual cortical area. After a 24 hr survival time, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused with 0.9% phosphate buffered saline followed by fixation with a solution of 1.25% glutaraldehyde and 1.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer. The brain was sectioned transversely on a vibratome at 50 μm. The tissue was processed immediately to visualize the biocytin.

scholarly journals Testicular Melatonin and Its Pathway in Roe Deer Bucks (Capreolus capreolus) during Pre- and Post-Rut Periods: Correlation with Testicular Involution

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1874
Author(s):  
Alberto Elmi ◽  
Nadia Govoni ◽  
Augusta Zannoni ◽  
Martina Bertocchi ◽  
Chiara Bernardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Roe deer are seasonal breeders with a complete yearly testicular cycle. The peak in reproductive activity is recorded during summer, the rutting period, with the highest levels of androgens and testicular weight. Melatonin plays a pivotal role in seasonal breeders by stimulating the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonads axis and acting locally; in different species, its synthesis within testes has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological melatonin pattern within roe deer testes by comparing data obtained from animals sampled during pre- and post-rut periods. Melatonin was quantified in testicular parenchyma, along with the genetic expression of enzymes involved in its local synthesis (AANAT and ASMT) and function (UCP1). Melatonin receptors, MT1-2, were quantified both at protein and gene expression levels. Finally, to assess changes in reproductive hormonal profiles, testicular dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was quantified and used for a correlation analysis. Melatonin and AANAT were detected in all samples, without significant differences between pre- and post-rut periods. Despite DHEA levels confirming testicular involution during the post-rut period, no correlations appeared between such involution and melatonin pathways. This study represents the first report regarding melatonin synthesis in roe deer testes, opening the way for future prospective studies in the physiology of this species.

Revision Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Improves Secondary Pain Insult in an Upper Extremity Amputee: A Case Report

Hand ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 155894472199246
Author(s):  
David D. Rivedal ◽  
Meng Guo ◽  
James Sanger ◽  
Aaron Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Biopsy ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Denervated Muscle ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation ◽  
Muscle Reinnervation ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) has been shown to improve phantom and neuropathic pain in both the acute and chronic amputee population. Through rerouting of major peripheral nerves into a newly denervated muscle, TMR harnesses the plasticity of the brain, helping to revert the sensory cortex back toward the preinsult state, effectively reducing pain. We highlight a unique case of an above-elbow amputee for sarcoma who was initially treated with successful transhumeral TMR. Following inadvertent nerve biopsy of a TMR coaptation site, his pain returned, and he was unable to don his prosthetic. Revision of his TMR to a more proximal level was performed, providing improved pain and function of the amputated arm. This is the first report to highlight the concept of secondary neuroplasticity and successful proximal TMR revision in the setting of multiple insults to the same extremity.

scholarly journals The Ncoa7 locus regulates V-ATPase formation and function, neurodevelopment and behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Castroflorio ◽  
Joery den Hoed ◽  
Daria Svistunova ◽  
Mattéa J. Finelli ◽  
Alberto Cebrian-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Molecular Function ◽  
Neuronal Connectivity ◽  
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator ◽  
Lysm Domain ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Members of the Tre2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC), lysin motif (LysM), domain catalytic (TLDc) protein family are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, although their exact roles in disease remain unclear. For example, nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) has been associated with autism, although almost nothing is known regarding the mode-of-action of this TLDc protein in the nervous system. Here we investigated the molecular function of NCOA7 in neurons and generated a novel mouse model to determine the consequences of deleting this locus in vivo. We show that NCOA7 interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the vacuolar (V)-ATPase in the brain and demonstrate that this protein is required for normal assembly and activity of this critical proton pump. Neurons lacking Ncoa7 exhibit altered development alongside defective lysosomal formation and function; accordingly, Ncoa7 deletion animals exhibited abnormal neuronal patterning defects and a reduced expression of lysosomal markers. Furthermore, behavioural assessment revealed anxiety and social defects in mice lacking Ncoa7. In summary, we demonstrate that NCOA7 is an important V-ATPase regulatory protein in the brain, modulating lysosomal function, neuronal connectivity and behaviour; thus our study reveals a molecular mechanism controlling endolysosomal homeostasis that is essential for neurodevelopment. Graphic abstract

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