Human skin melanocyces: their role in normal and pathological conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Е.В. Джуссоева ◽  
Т.Д. Колокольцова ◽  
И.Н. Сабурина
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Pigmentation Disorders ◽  
Age Related Changes

Обзор включает данные анализа современной литературы по вопросам происхождения и дифференцировки клеток-предшественников меланоцитов в эмбриогенезе и взрослом состоянии, их локализации и роли в пигментации кожи и волос. Особое внимание в обзоре уделено рассмотрению факторов, участвующих или влияющих на процессы нормального меланогенеза и патологических нарушений пигментации, обусловленных влиянием генетических и эпигенетических факторов, а также процессов старения клеток. Идентификация и понимание процессов меланогенеза, а также механизмов изменения функциональной активности меланоцитов кожи человека облегчит понимание патогенеза нарушений пигментации и позволит разрабатывать новые высокоэффективные препараты для профилактики и терапии заболеваний, коррекции возрастных изменений, а также препаратов, снижающих риск развития рака кожи. Melanocytes represent an important type of human skin cells. They synthesize the pigment melanin, which determines skin pigmentation and provideds protection from ultraviolet radiation and other external factors. Regulation of pigmentation involves many factors essential for development, regeneration, and aging of melanocytes and their precursors as well as the factors involved in synthesis of melanin, formation, transport and distribution of melanosomes and melanocyte-specific transcription factors that control the expression and function of all these genes. This review focused on origination and differentiation of melanocyte progenitor cells in embryogenesis and adulthood, their localization and role in skin and hair pigmentation. Particular attention was paid to the factors involved in or affecting processes of normal melanogenesis, pigmentation abnormalities due to genetic and epigenetic factors, and the processes of cell aging. The authors underlined that melanogenesis and the pigment packing and transportation to epithelial cells are complex and multifactorial processes determined by many external and internal factors, such as performance of genes, enzymes, structural proteins, and effects of hormones and medicines. Age-related changes in cells and the body as a whole are serious factors of pigmentation disorders. Despite numerous studies, information about possibilities of influencing the processes of aging or pathological disorders of skin pigmentation is extremely scarce. Identification and understanding processes involved in melanogenesis and mechanisms of changes in the functioning of human skin melanocytes will facilitate understanding the pathogenesis of pigmentation disorders and help developing new, highly effective drugs for prevention and treatment of diseases or age-related changes, specifically for prevention or reducing the risk of skin cancer.

scholarly journals AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE SECRETOME

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S101-S101
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Susan Weintraub ◽  
Nicolas Musi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Young Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Secretion Profile ◽  
And Function ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Body Support ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Skeletal muscle is one of the most abundant tissues in the body. In addition to its key roles in body support, movement and metabolic homeostasis, muscle also functions as an endocrine/secretory organ producing and releasing proteins into the circulation that modulate distant tissues (i.e. myokines). Considering that muscle mass and function changes with advancing age, here we tested the hypothesis that aging alters the muscle secretome profile. After euthanasia, soleus muscles from sedentary young and old mice were dissected, and incubated in oxygenated KRB buffer for 2 h. The buffer was subjected to in-gel trypsin-digestion and peptides analyzed by mass spectrometry. The concentration of 36 proteins were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in the young vs. the old group. In contrast, only 7 proteins were significantly elevated in the old group. Some notable differences include those in HSPA1B and HSPA5 that were detected only in the young group. HSPA8 also was significantly elevated by 1.8-fold (P<0.05) in the young versus the old group. Another prominent difference between groups involved translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), a critical regulator of apoptosis/carcinogenesis, that was elevated by 7-fold in the young vs. the old group (P<0.05). These results indicate that aging alters the muscle secretion profile. Identified differences in the muscle secretome could reflect intrinsic changes in muscle cells with age. Because these myokines are released into the circulation, it is also possible that myokine secretion is a regulated cellular process by which muscle communicates and modulates the aging process in distant tissues.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in expression and function of Toll-like receptors in human skin

Development ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (22) ◽  
pp. 4210-4219 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Iram ◽  
M. Mildner ◽  
M. Prior ◽  
P. Petzelbauer ◽  
C. Fiala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Physical activity in elderly

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Cvecka ◽  
Veronika Tirpakova ◽  
Milan Sedliak ◽  
Helmut Kern ◽  
Winfried Mayr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Aging is a multifactorial irreversible process associated with significant decline in muscle mass and neuromuscular functions. One of the most efficient methods to counteract age-related changes in muscle mass and function is physical exercise. An alternative effective intervention to improve muscle structure and performance is electrical stimulation. In the present work we present the positive effects of physical activity in elderly and a study where the effects of a 8-week period of functional electrical stimulation and strength training with proprioceptive stimulation in elderly are compared.

Age-Related Changes in Morphology and Function of Scapular Muscles in Asymptomatic People

PM&R ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 892-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Morise ◽  
Takayuki Muraki ◽  
Hiroaki Ishikawa ◽  
Shin-Ichi Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Regenerative Medicine Approaches for Age-Related Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Diego Naranjo ◽  
Jenna L. Dziki ◽  
Stephen F. Badylak
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disease that includes a decrease in the number, structure and physiology of muscle fibers, and age-related muscle mass loss, and is associated with loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risk for fractures and falls. Treatment options are suboptimal and consist of exercise and nutrition as the cornerstone of therapy. Current treatment principles involve identification and modification of risk factors to prevent the disease, but these efforts are of limited value to the elderly individuals currently affected by sarcopenia. The development of new and effective therapies for sarcopenia is challenging. Potential therapies can target one or more of the proposed multiple etiologies such as the loss of regenerative capacity of muscle, age-related changes in the expression of signaling molecules such as growth hormone, IGF-1, myostatin, and other endocrine signaling molecules, and age-related changes in muscle physiology like denervation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present paper reviews regenerative medicine strategies that seek to restore adequate skeletal muscle structure and function including exogenous delivery of cells and pharmacological therapies to induce myogenesis or reverse the physiologic changes that result in the disease. Approaches that modify the microenvironment to provide an environment conducive to reversal and mitigation of the disease represent a potential regenerative medicine approach that is discussed herein.

scholarly journals Paracrine Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 Inhibits Melanocytes Differentiation in Hair Follicle

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Guo ◽  
Mingxing Lei ◽  
Yuhong Li ◽  
Yingxin Liu ◽  
Yinhong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Melanocyte Stem Cells ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Pigmentation Disorders

Wnt signaling plays crucial role in regulating melanocyte stem cells/melanocyte differentiation in the hair follicle. However, how the Wnt signaling is balanced to be overactivated to control follicular melanocytes behavior remains unknown. Here, by using immunofluorescence staining, we showed that secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) is preferentially expressed in the skin epidermal cells rather than in melanocytes. By overexpression of sFRP4 in skin cells in vivo and in vitro, we found that sFRP4 attenuates activation of Wnt signaling, resulting in decrease of melanocytes differentiation in the regenerating hair follicle. Our findings unveiled a new regulator that involves modulating melanocytes differentiation through a paracrine mechanism in hair follicle, supplying a hope for potential therapeutic application to treat skin pigmentation disorders.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Thymic Central Tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayashree Srinivasan ◽  
Jessica N. Lancaster ◽  
Nandini Singarapu ◽  
Laura P. Hale ◽  
Lauren I. R. Ehrlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Thymic Epithelial Cells ◽  
Central Tolerance ◽  
Adult Transition ◽  
Treg Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Age Related Changes

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and hematopoietic antigen presenting cells (HAPCs) in the thymus microenvironment provide essential signals to self-reactive thymocytes that induce either negative selection or generation of regulatory T cells (Treg), both of which are required to establish and maintain central tolerance throughout life. HAPCs and TECs are comprised of multiple subsets that play distinct and overlapping roles in central tolerance. Changes that occur in the composition and function of TEC and HAPC subsets across the lifespan have potential consequences for central tolerance. In keeping with this possibility, there are age-associated changes in the cellular composition and function of T cells and Treg. This review summarizes changes in T cell and Treg function during the perinatal to adult transition and in the course of normal aging, and relates these changes to age-associated alterations in thymic HAPC and TEC subsets.

Neuroimaging Approaches for Elderly Studies

2017 ◽  
pp. 1576-1617
Author(s):  
Charis Styliadis ◽  
Panagiotis Kartsidis ◽  
Evangelos Paraskevopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Cerebral Structure ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Elderly Populations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Advances in the field of neuroimaging have allowed for the examination of the effects of age-related changes on cognitive capacity in elderly populations. Structural techniques are now routinely used to report cortical atrophic rates in aging and particularly within the context of the Alzheimer's disease, and may be integrated with functional techniques which examine the functional characteristics of the cortex at rest and during the performance of a task. Despite advancing age cognitive function remains highly plastic, allowing for interventions that aim to maintain or even remediate its capacity and the mechanisms by which structure and function are altered among seniors. Overall, information on the integrity of the cerebral structure and function aid in the early detection and treatment of the Alzheimer's disease as well as the evaluation and track of the disease's progression. In this chapter, neuroimaging methods are presented along with findings that are particularly relevant for the study of neuroplasticity in the aging brain.

Managing expectations: How stress, social support, and aging attitudes affect awareness of age-related changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 986-1007
Author(s):  
Erica L. O’Brien ◽  
Neika Sharifian
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Attitudes ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Age Related Changes

The degree to which social support (SS) moderates the effects of stress on self-perceptions of aging may depend on individual differences in general aging attitudes. We examined how stress, different types of SS, and general expectations regarding aging (ERA) affect awareness of age-related changes (AARCs). The sample included 137 adults (21–76 years; 56.2% women) who took an online survey on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Regression analyses showed differential moderation of stress effects due to ERA and the SS measure (perceived and received) and function (emotional and instrumental). Received emotional SS was only associated with AARC losses, whereas perceived support—both emotional and instrumental—was associated with AARC gains and losses. Findings may help guide future work aimed at promoting health and well-being in adulthood.

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