scholarly journals Developing a Quantifying Device for Soft Tissue Material Prop-Erties around Lumbar Spines

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Song Joo Lee ◽  
Yong-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Deukhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Tissue Material

Knowing the material properties of the musculoskeletal soft tissue could be important to develop rehabilitation therapy and surgical procedures. However, there is a lack of devices and information on the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues around the lumbar spine. The goal of this study was to develop a portable quantifying device for providing strain and stress curves of muscles and ligaments around the lumbar spine at various stretching speeds. Each sample was conditioned and applied for 20 repeatable cyclic 5 mm stretch-and-relax trials in the direction and perpendicular direction of the fiber at 2, 3 and 5 mm/s. Our device successfully provided the stress and strain curve of the samples and our results showed that there were significant effects of speed on the young’s modulus of the samples (p < 0.05). Compared to the expensive commercial device, our lower-cost device provided comparable stress and strain curves of the sample. Based on our device and findings, various sizes of samples can be measured and viscoelastic properties of the soft tissues can be obtained. Our portable device and approach can help to investigate young’s modulus of musculoskeletal soft tissues conveniently, and can be a basis for developing a material testing device in a surgical room or various lab environments.

Experimental Setup for the Determination of Mechanical Solder Materials Properties at Elevated Temperatures

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 3793-3798
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Müller ◽  
Holger Worrack ◽  
Jens Sterthaus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Non Linear

The fabrication of microelectronic and micromechanical devices leads to the use of only very small amounts of matter, which can behave quite differently than the corresponding bulk. Clearly, the materials will age and it is important to gather information on the (changing) material characteristics. In particular, Young’s modulus, yield stress, and hardness are of great interest. Moreover, a complete stress-strain curve is desirable for a detailed material characterization and simulation of a component, e.g., by Finite Elements (FE). However, since the amount of matter is so small and it is the intention to describe its behavior as realistic as possible, miniature tests are used for measuring the mechanical properties. In this paper two miniature tests are presented for this purpose, a mini-uniaxial-tension-test and a nanoindenter experiment. In the tensile test the axial load is prescribed and the corresponding extension of the specimen length is recorded, both of which determines the stress-strain- curve directly. The stress-strain curves are analyzed by assuming a non-linear relationship between stress and strain of the Ramberg-Osgood type and by fitting the corresponding parameters to the experimental data (obtained for various microelectronic solders) by means of a non-linear optimization routine. For a detailed analysis of very local mechanical properties nanoindentation is used, resulting primarily in load vs. indentation-depth data. According to the procedure of Oliver and Pharr this data can be used to obtain hardness and Young’s modulus but not a complete stress-strain curve, at least not directly. In order to obtain such a stress-strain-curve, the nanoindentation experiment is combined with FE and the coefficients involved in the corresponding constitutive equations for stress and strain are obtained by means of the inverse method. The stress-strain curves from nanoindentation and tensile tests are compared for two mate-rials (aluminum and steel). Differences are explained in terms of the locality of the measurement. Finally, material properties at elevated temperature are of particular interest in order to characterize the materials even more completely. We describe the setup for hot stage nanoindentation tests in context with first results for selected materials.

scholarly journals Quantitative Imaging of Young’s Modulus of Soft Tissues from Ultrasound Water Jet Indentation: A Finite Element Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hua Lu ◽  
Rui Mao ◽  
Yin Lu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Tian-Fu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound

Indentation testing is a widely used approach to evaluate mechanical characteristics of soft tissues quantitatively. Young’s modulus of soft tissue can be calculated from the force-deformation data with known tissue thickness and Poisson’s ratio using Hayes’ equation. Our group previously developed a noncontact indentation system using a water jet as a soft indenter as well as the coupling medium for the propagation of high-frequency ultrasound. The novel system has shown its ability to detect the early degeneration of articular cartilage. However, there is still lack of a quantitative method to extract the intrinsic mechanical properties of soft tissue from water jet indentation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the loading-unloading curves and the mechanical properties of soft tissues to provide an imaging technique of tissue mechanical properties. A 3D finite element model of water jet indentation was developed with consideration of finite deformation effect. An improved Hayes’ equation has been derived by introducing a new scaling factor which is dependent on Poisson’s ratiosv, aspect ratioa/h(the radius of the indenter/the thickness of the test tissue), and deformation ratiod/h. With this model, the Young’s modulus of soft tissue can be quantitatively evaluated and imaged with the error no more than 2%.

scholarly journals Effect of Nanopores on Mechanical Properties of the Shape Memory Alloy

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Chunzhi Du ◽  
Zhifan Li ◽  
Bingfei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strength Limit

Nanoporous Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are widely used in aerospace, military industry, medical and health and other fields. More and more attention has been paid to its mechanical properties. In particular, when the size of the pores is reduced to the nanometer level, the effect of the surface effect of the nanoporous material on the mechanical properties of the SMA will increase sharply, and the residual strain of the SMA material will change with the nanoporosity. In this work, the expression of Young’s modulus of nanopore SMA considering surface effects is first derived, which is a function of nanoporosity and nanopore size. Based on the obtained Young’s modulus, a constitutive model of nanoporous SMA considering residual strain is established. Then, the stress–strain curve of dense SMA based on the new constitutive model is drawn by numerical method. The results are in good agreement with the simulation results in the published literature. Finally, the stress-strain curves of SMA with different nanoporosities are drawn, and it is concluded that the Young’s modulus and strength limit decrease with the increase of nanoporosity.

Numerical Modeling of Macroscopic Behavior of Particulate Composite with Crosslinked Polymer Matrix

2011 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
Luboš Náhlík ◽  
Bohuslav Máša ◽  
Pavel Hutař
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Particulate Composite ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Particulate Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Crosslinked Polymer

Particulate composites with crosslinked polymer matrix and solid fillers are one of important classes of materials such as construction materials, high-performance engineering materials, sealants, protective organic coatings, dental materials, or solid explosives. The main focus of a present paper is an estimation of the macroscopic Young’s modulus and stress-strain behavior of a particulate composite with polymer matrix. The particulate composite with a crosslinked polymer matrix in a rubbery state filled by an alumina-based mineral filler is investigated by means of the finite element method. A hyperelastic material behavior of the matrix was modeled by the Mooney-Rivlin material model. Numerical models on the base of unit cell were developed. The numerical results obtained were compared with experimental stress-strain curve and value of initial Young’s modulus. The paper can contribute to a better understanding of the behavior and failure of particulate composites with a crosslinked polymer matrix.

Effect of temperature on properties of aluminum/single-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Motamedi ◽  
AH Naghdi ◽  
SK Jalali
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Metal Composite

Composite materials have become popular because of high mechanical properties and lightweight. Aluminum/carbon nanotube is one of the most important metal composite. In this research, mechanical properties of aluminum/carbon nanotube composite were obtained using molecular dynamics simulation. Then, effect of temperature on stress–strain curve of composite was studied. The results showed by increasing temperature, the Young’s modulus of composite was decreased. More specifically increasing the temperature from 150 K to 620 K, decrease the Young’s modulus to 11.7%. The ultimate stress of composite also decreased by increasing the temperature. A continuum model of composite was presented using finite element method. The results showed the role of carbon nanotube on strengthening of composite.

Reconstructing Young’s Modulus Distributions within Soft Tissues From Freehand Elastograms

2006 ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Doyley ◽  
J. C. Bamber ◽  
P. M. Meaney ◽  
F. G. Fuechsel ◽  
N. L. Bush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus

scholarly journals Determination of Young’s Modulus by Specific Vibration of Basalt and Diabase

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Osvail André Quaglio ◽  
José Margarida da Silva ◽  
Edmo da Cunha Rodovalho ◽  
Leandro de Vilhena Costa
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Acoustic Response ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Impulse Excitation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanical Impulse ◽  
High Repeatability

The elasticity is an important parameter for the evaluation of the mechanical behavior of a rock mass and a fundamental factor in the definition of the resistance characteristics, stability, and blastability in rock blasts, and it is an important parameter for the blastability equations like the Kuz–Ram method. This paper presents a comparison of the Uniaxial Compression Method (UCM) and the Impulse Excitation Technique (IET) in determining Young’s modulus. The IET is a static and nondestructive dynamic method of characterizing mechanical parameters of materials, while the UCM is a quasistatic and destructive method. We determined Young’s modulus of samples from nine basalt and diabase mines used as aggregates in the construction industry. Young’s modulus was determined by the acoustic response due to longitudinal oscillations caused by a mechanical impulse (IET) in the Sonelastic equipment and the stress-strain curve (UCM). Young’s modulus values showed high repeatability and agreed with those reported in the literature for the same material. The work shows that the solnelastic is an innovate equipment and elucidated advantages of IET in comparison to the UCM such as shorter execution time, greater safety, and a lower cost ranging from 11.5% to 22.5% of the UCM.

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