The invention of stress and strain — or Baron Cauchy and the decipherment of Young’s modulus

1978 ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
J. E. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Stress And Strain

scholarly journals Developing a Quantifying Device for Soft Tissue Material Prop-Erties around Lumbar Spines

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Song Joo Lee ◽  
Yong-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Deukhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Tissue Material

Knowing the material properties of the musculoskeletal soft tissue could be important to develop rehabilitation therapy and surgical procedures. However, there is a lack of devices and information on the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues around the lumbar spine. The goal of this study was to develop a portable quantifying device for providing strain and stress curves of muscles and ligaments around the lumbar spine at various stretching speeds. Each sample was conditioned and applied for 20 repeatable cyclic 5 mm stretch-and-relax trials in the direction and perpendicular direction of the fiber at 2, 3 and 5 mm/s. Our device successfully provided the stress and strain curve of the samples and our results showed that there were significant effects of speed on the young’s modulus of the samples (p < 0.05). Compared to the expensive commercial device, our lower-cost device provided comparable stress and strain curves of the sample. Based on our device and findings, various sizes of samples can be measured and viscoelastic properties of the soft tissues can be obtained. Our portable device and approach can help to investigate young’s modulus of musculoskeletal soft tissues conveniently, and can be a basis for developing a material testing device in a surgical room or various lab environments.

scholarly journals Finite Element Biomechanics of Optic Nerve Sheath Traction in Adduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Shin ◽  
Lawrence Yoo ◽  
Joseph Park ◽  
Joseph L. Demer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Element Analysis

Historical emphasis on increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in the pathogenesis of glaucoma has been challenged by the recognition that many patients lack abnormally elevated IOP. We employed finite element analysis (FEA) to infer contribution to optic neuropathy from tractional deformation of the optic nerve head (ONH) and lamina cribrosa (LC) by extraocular muscle (EOM) counterforce exerted when optic nerve (ON) redundancy becomes exhausted in adduction. We characterized assumed isotropic Young's modulus of fresh adult bovine ON, ON sheath, and peripapillary and peripheral sclera by tensile elongation in arbitrary orientations of five specimens of each tissue to failure under physiological temperature and humidity. Physical dimensions of the FEA were scaled to human histological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and used to predict stress and strain during adduction 6 deg beyond ON straightening at multiple levels of IOP. Young's modulus of ON sheath of 44.6 ± 5.6 MPa (standard error of mean) greatly exceeded that of ON at 5.2 ± 0.4 MPa, peripapillary sclera at 5.5 ± 0.8 MPa, and peripheral sclera at 14.0 ± 2.3 MPa. FEA indicated that adduction induced maximum stress and strain in the temporal ONH. In the temporal LC, the maximum stress was 180 kPa, and the maximum strain was ninefold larger than produced by IOP elevation to 45 mm Hg. The simulation suggests that ON sheath traction by adduction concentrates far greater mechanical stress and strain in the ONH region than does elevated IOP, supporting the novel concept that glaucomatous optic neuropathy may result at least partly from external traction on the ON, rather than exclusively on pressure on the ON exerted from within the eye.

Experimental Setup for the Determination of Mechanical Solder Materials Properties at Elevated Temperatures

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 3793-3798
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Müller ◽  
Holger Worrack ◽  
Jens Sterthaus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Non Linear

The fabrication of microelectronic and micromechanical devices leads to the use of only very small amounts of matter, which can behave quite differently than the corresponding bulk. Clearly, the materials will age and it is important to gather information on the (changing) material characteristics. In particular, Young’s modulus, yield stress, and hardness are of great interest. Moreover, a complete stress-strain curve is desirable for a detailed material characterization and simulation of a component, e.g., by Finite Elements (FE). However, since the amount of matter is so small and it is the intention to describe its behavior as realistic as possible, miniature tests are used for measuring the mechanical properties. In this paper two miniature tests are presented for this purpose, a mini-uniaxial-tension-test and a nanoindenter experiment. In the tensile test the axial load is prescribed and the corresponding extension of the specimen length is recorded, both of which determines the stress-strain- curve directly. The stress-strain curves are analyzed by assuming a non-linear relationship between stress and strain of the Ramberg-Osgood type and by fitting the corresponding parameters to the experimental data (obtained for various microelectronic solders) by means of a non-linear optimization routine. For a detailed analysis of very local mechanical properties nanoindentation is used, resulting primarily in load vs. indentation-depth data. According to the procedure of Oliver and Pharr this data can be used to obtain hardness and Young’s modulus but not a complete stress-strain curve, at least not directly. In order to obtain such a stress-strain-curve, the nanoindentation experiment is combined with FE and the coefficients involved in the corresponding constitutive equations for stress and strain are obtained by means of the inverse method. The stress-strain curves from nanoindentation and tensile tests are compared for two mate-rials (aluminum and steel). Differences are explained in terms of the locality of the measurement. Finally, material properties at elevated temperature are of particular interest in order to characterize the materials even more completely. We describe the setup for hot stage nanoindentation tests in context with first results for selected materials.

scholarly journals The influence of stress and strain on the physical properties of matter. Part I. Moduli of elasticity— continued . Relations between moduli of elasticity, thermal capacity, and other physical constants

1885 ◽  
Vol 38 (235-238) ◽  
pp. 488-500 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moduli Of Elasticity

It has been proved by Wertheim, whose results have been verified by myself, that if e be taken to denote “Young’s Modulus,” and α the mean distance between the centres of any two adjacent molecules of a solid body, e x α 7 is, in the case of most metals, approximately a constant.

scholarly journals I. The influence of stress and strain on the action ot physical forces

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The One

The values of “Young’s modulus” were determined for several metals by a method devised by Sir W. Thomson. According to this method wires of the same material and diameter are suspended in pairs about an inch apart from each other, and are attached by one extremity of each to the same support; the other extremities being fastened in the one case to a scale-pan, and in the other to the centre of a bar of wood or metal carrying constant equal weights at each end: the latter wire is provided with a scale and the former with an index of some sort, which being level with and close to the scale, serves to measure any alteration of length produced by weights placed in the pan.

YOUNG’S MODULUS AND POISSON’S RATIO OF MERPAUH, KAPUR AND SESENDUK SPECIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohana Hassan ◽  
Syed Syazaril Amri Syed Mubarat ◽  
Anizahyati Alisibramulisi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Poisson Ratio ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Strength Capacity

Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the mechanical properties that need to be determined for the production of engineering design or information for the numerical analysis of timber. In this study, Merpauh, Kapur and Sesenduk species were selected. This experimental investigation focuses on the elastic properties of those timber species. The Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Poisson’s ratio were determined by means of tensile tests. In addition, Modulus of Rigidity (MOR), tensile strength capacity and its moisture contents were also determined. The deformation during testing was measured by means of mechanical extensometer. The MOE of the studied species range from 36.7 N/mm2 to 119.2 N/mm2, whereas Poisson’s ratio values show less variability. The result of the study also shows that the mechanical properties for the species are related. The larger the density value, the larger value of stress and strain will be. Thus, the value of Poisson ratio will also increase, respectively.

Stress-Strain Response of the Human Vocal Ligament

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young B. Min ◽  
Ingo R. Titze ◽  
Fariborz Alipour-Haghighi
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
The Mean

The longitudinal elastic properties of the human vocal ligament were quantified by stress-strain measurements and by modeling the response mathematically. Human ligaments were obtained from surgery and autopsy cases. They were dissected, mounted, and stretched with a dual-servo ergometer to measure force versus elongation and to convert the results into stress and strain. To calculate a longitudinal Young's modulus, the stress-strain curves were fitted with polynomial and exponential functions and differentiated. Young's modulus was separately defined in the low- and high-strain regions. The mean Young's modulus for the low-strain region was 33.1 ± 10.4 kilopascals. In the high-strain region, A and B parameters for an exponential fit were 1.4 ± 1.0 and 9.6 ± 1.2 kilopascals, respectively. The stress-strain and Young's modulus curves showed the typical hysteresis and nonlinearity seen previously in other vocal fold tissues (muscle and mucosa), but the nonlinearity was most profound for the vocal ligament.

scholarly journals Safety assessment of corrosion-defective natural gas pipeline under ground overload based on FEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T, Zheng ◽  
Z. Liang ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
S. Tang ◽  
X. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Failure Pressure ◽  
Corrosion Defect ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Von Mises

Aiming at the safety problem of the pipeline containing corrosion defects caused by ground overload, a novel method is developed to assess the safety of buried pipelines with corrosion defects and predict the failure pressure. The effects of parameters including internal pressure, ground overload, length of the loading area, corrosion defect depth, buried depth and soil Young’s modulus, are discussed. Ground overload greatly increases the von Mises stress and strain at the corrosion defect location and decreases the internal pressure threshold. The von Mises stress and strain are an obvious nonlinear relationship with internal pressure. The high stress and strain area expand along the diagonal direction of the defect area. The local stress and strain concentration at the corrosion defect increases with the increase of ground overload, length of the loading area and corrosion defect depth, which reduces the failure pressure of the pipeline. Increasing the buried depth and soil Young’s modulus would effectively reduce local stress and strain concentration, and increase the failure pressure of the pipeline. The pipeline settlement displacement increases with the increase of internal pressure, ground overload, length of the loading area, and decreases with the increase of pipeline buried depth and soil Young’s modulus.

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