scholarly journals Impact of Long-Rope Jumping on Monoamine and Attention in Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Yamashita ◽  
Takanobu Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
Jumping Exercise ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Monoamine Metabolite ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Psychological Questionnaires

Previous research has shown that rope jumping improves physical health; however, little is known about its impact on brain-derived monoamine neurotransmitters associated with cognitive regulation. To address these gaps in the literature, the present study compared outcomes between 15 healthy participants (mean age, 23.1 years) after a long-rope jumping exercise and a control condition. Long-rope jumping also requires co-operation between people, attention, spatial cognition, and rhythm sensation. Psychological questionnaires were administered to both conditions, and Stroop task performance and monoamine metabolite levels in the saliva and urine were evaluated. Participants performing the exercise exhibited lower anxiety levels than those in the control condition. Saliva analyses showed higher 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (a norepinephrine metabolite) levels, and urine analyses revealed higher 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (a serotonin metabolite) levels in the exercise condition than in the control. Importantly, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level correlated with salivary and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels in the exercise condition. Furthermore, cognitive results revealed higher Stroop performance in the exercise condition than in the control condition; this performance correlated with salivary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels. These results indicate an association between increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and attention in long-rope jumping. We suggest that long-rope jumping predicts central norepinephrinergic activation and related attention maintenance.

Monoamine Mechanisms in Chronic Schizophrenia: Post-Mortem Neurochemical Findings

1979 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Crow ◽  
H. F. Baker ◽  
A. J. Cross ◽  
M. H. Joseph ◽  
R. Lofthouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase Activity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Monoamine Metabolite ◽  
The Brain

SummaryDopamine and its metabolites homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, noradrenaline, serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine have been assayed in 9 schizophrenic and 10 control brains, together with the monoamine-related enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase monoamine oxidase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and catechol-o-methyltransferase. In schizophrenic brains dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin were significantly increased in some areas of corpus striatum, but there were no significant changes in enzyme activity or monoamine metabolite concentrations in any of the brain areas examined. The findings are not consistent with theories that serotonin or noradrenaline stores are grossly depleted or noradrenaline neurones have degenerated, or that monoamine oxidase activity is abnormal, in schizophrenia, and provide no direct support for the hypothesis that dopamine neurones are overactive.

Biased emotional attention in post-traumatic stress disorder: a help as well as a hindrance?

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1445-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VYTHILINGAM ◽  
K. S. BLAIR ◽  
D. McCAFFREY ◽  
M. SCARAMOZZA ◽  
M. JONES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Positive Stimuli ◽  
Healthy Participants

ABSTRACTBackgroundFrom a cognitive neuroscience perspective, the emotional attentional bias in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be conceptualized either as emotional hyper-responsiveness or as reduced priming of task-relevant representations due to dysfunction in ‘top-down’ regulatory systems. We investigated these possibilities both with respect to threatening and positive stimuli among traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.MethodTwenty-two patients with PTSD, 21 trauma controls and 20 non-traumatized healthy participants were evaluated on two tasks. For one of these tasks, the affective Stroop task (aST), the emotional stimuli act as distracters and interfere with task performance. For the other, the emotional lexical decision task (eLDT), emotional information facilitates task performance.ResultsCompared to trauma controls and healthy participants, patients with PTSD showed increased interference for negative but not positive distracters on the aST and increased emotional facilitation for negative words on the eLDT.ConclusionsThese findings document that hyper-responsiveness to threat but not to positive stimuli is specific for patients with PTSD.

scholarly journals Electro-Acupuncture Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Anorexia in Rats by Modulating Ghrelin and Monoamine Neurotransmitters

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Yun Baek ◽  
Tuy An Trinh ◽  
Wonsang Huh ◽  
Ji Hoon Song ◽  
Hyun Young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Anorexia is common in patients with cancer, mostly as a side effect of chemotherapy. The effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on ameliorating cancer-related symptoms have been studied in animal models and in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to determine optimal conditions for the application of EA to alleviate anorexia, followed by the study of molecular mechanisms affecting its therapeutics. Anorexia was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting cisplatin, which was then followed by EA treatment at CV12, the acupuncture point located in the center of the abdominal midline. Body weight and food intake were measured daily throughout the duration of the study. The levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the plasma were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC-ECD. Gastrointestinal hormone concentrations were elucidated with ELISA kits. RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA expression of ghrelin (GHRL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and pro-opiomelanocortin. The expression of c-Fos in the nucleus tractus solitarii was detected using western blotting analysis. The optimal conditions of EA to alleviate anorexia in rats was determined to be 1 unit for intensity and 10 Hz for frequency. EA treatment at CV12 reduced the levels of plasma monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and norepinephrine; as well as stimulated the expression of GHRL and NPY to alleviate cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats. EA stimulation at CV12 could be used to treat cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats.

Role of Model's Affect in Test Anxiety

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 956-958
Author(s):  
David R. Olson ◽  
Robert S. Schlottmann
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
State Scale ◽  
High Test ◽  
And Task

Thirty high test-anxious and 30 low test-anxious undergraduate females were exposed to either an anxious model, a non-anxious model or no model before performing on a spatial visualization task. The STAI A-State scale was also given before and after performance to determine the effects of model conditions and task performance on state anxiety levels. Subjects were then asked to evaluate their performance. Highly test-anxious subjects performed more poorly, reported higher levels of anxiety, and evaluated their performance more negatively than low test-anxious subjects. Type of model had no differential effect on the anxiety level and performance of subjects. Thus, the vicarious effects of a model may sometimes be superceded by task demands even on highly test-anxious subjects.

scholarly journals Central monoaminergic responses to salinity and temperature rises in common carp

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1605-1611
Author(s):  
G Boeck ◽  
G Nilsson ◽  
A Vlaeminck ◽  
R Blust
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Brain Parts ◽  
Neurotransmitter Metabolism

Juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were exposed to increased levels of salinity (1 % NaCl) at 25 °C and 30 °C. Levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined in different brain parts. Whereas the elevated temperature only resulted in higher levels of the metabolites, increased salinity caused increased levels of DA and 5-HT as well. Increased levels appeared after the first day of exposure and most effects were further enhanced after 1 week in 1 % NaCl. Increases in DA and 5-HT levels were most pronounced in the hypothalamus, which is the major integrative centre controlling the release of hormones. Thus, one possible role of these changes in neurotransmitter metabolism could be to control the release of prolactin and cortisol, two major hormones involved in the regulation of ion homeostasis in teleosts.

scholarly journals Early Rearing Conditions Affect Monoamine Metabolite Levels During Baseline and Periods of Social Separation Stress: A Non-human Primate Model (Macaca mulatta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Wood ◽  
Natalia Gabrielle ◽  
Jacob Hunter ◽  
Andrea N. Skowbo ◽  
Melanie L. Schwandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Parental Absence ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Social Separation Stress ◽  
Parental Input ◽  
Monoamine Metabolite ◽  
Social Separation

A variety of studies show that parental absence early in life leads to deleterious effects on the developing CNS. This is thought to be largely because evolutionary-dependent stimuli are necessary for the appropriate postnatal development of the young brain, an effect sometimes termed the “experience-expectant brain,” with parents providing the necessary input for normative synaptic connections to develop and appropriate neuronal survival to occur. Principal among CNS systems affected by parental input are the monoamine systems. In the present study, N = 434 rhesus monkeys (233 males, 201 females) were reared in one of two conditions: as mother-reared controls (MR; n = 269) or without adults with 24-h access to same-aged peers (PR; n = 165). When subjects were six-months-old, they underwent a separation paradigm involving 4, sequential, four-day social separations from their mothers or peers, with each separation followed by three-day reunions with their mothers or their peers. Prior to the separation paradigm, baseline cisternal CSF samples were obtained, as well as at the end of each the four social separations, and after final separation, during a recovery period. CSF was assayed for concentrations of monoamine metabolites and a blood sample was genotyped for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype. Replicating earlier landmark findings, PR subjects with the s allele exhibited lower baseline concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), when compared to PR subjects homozygous for the L allele. MR subjects were undifferentiated by genotype. PR subjects exhibited lower CSF 5-HIAA concentrations during baseline, but higher CSF 5-HIAA during social separations, when compared to MR subjects. There were rearing effects for the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) and for the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), with PR subjects showing higher HVA and lower MHPG when compared to MR subjects. These findings indicate that there are long-term deficits in the response of monoamines following early maternal absence. The results of this study confirm and extend earlier findings that early parental absence has deleterious consequences for the development of the monoamine systems, and that these consequences are modulated by the 5-HTT genotype.

scholarly journals A comparison of ‘pruning’ during multi-step planning in depressed and healthy individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paul Faulkner ◽  
Quentin J. M. Huys ◽  
Daniel Renz ◽  
Neir Eshel ◽  
Stephen Pilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Trees ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
The World ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Background Real-life decisions are often complex because they involve making sequential choices that constrain future options. We have previously shown that to render such multi-step decisions manageable, people ‘prune’ (i.e. selectively disregard) branches of decision trees that contain negative outcomes. We have theorized that sub-optimal pruning contributes to depression by promoting an oversampling of branches that result in unsavoury outcomes, which results in a negatively-biased valuation of the world. However, no study has tested this theory in depressed individuals. Methods Thirty unmedicated depressed and 31 healthy participants were administered a sequential reinforcement-based decision-making task to determine pruning behaviours, and completed measures of depression and anxiety. Computational, Bayesian and frequentist analyses examined group differences in task performance and relationships between pruning and depressive symptoms. Results Consistent with prior findings, participants robustly pruned branches of decision trees that began with large losses, regardless of the potential utility of those branches. However, there was no group difference in pruning behaviours. Further, there was no relationship between pruning and levels of depression/anxiety. Conclusions We found no evidence that sub-optimal pruning is evident in depression. Future research could determine whether maladaptive pruning behaviours are observable in specific sub-groups of depressed patients (e.g. in treatment-resistant individuals), or whether misuse of other heuristics may contribute to depression.

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