scholarly journals Mitigation Strategies for Overheating and High Carbon Dioxide Concentration within Institutional Buildings: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tam ◽  
Yuqing Zhao ◽  
Zaiyi Liao ◽  
Lian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Hvac System

Indoor air quality and thermal conditions are important considerations when designing indoor spaces to ensure occupant health, satisfaction, and productivity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and indoor air temperature are two measurable parameters to assess air quality and thermal conditions within a space. Occupants are progressively affected by the indoor environment as the time spent indoors prolongs. Specifically, there is an interest in carrying out investigations on the indoor environment through surveying existing Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) system operations in classrooms. Indoor air temperature and CO2 concentration in multiple lecture halls in Toronto, Canada were monitored; observations consistently show high indoor air temperature (overheating) and high CO2 concentration. One classroom is chosen as a representative case study for this paper. The results verify a strong correlation between the number of occupants and the increase in air temperature and CO2 concentration. Building Energy Simulation (BES) is used to investigate the causes of discomfort in the classroom, and to identify methods for regulating the temperature and CO2 concentration. This paper proposes retro-commissioning strategies that could be implemented in institutional buildings; specifically, the increase of outdoor airflow rate and the addition of occupancy-based pre-active HVAC system control. The proposed retrofit cases reduce the measured overheating in the classrooms by 2-3 °C (indoor temperature should be below 23 °C) and maintain CO2 concentration under 900 ppm (the CO2 threshold is 1000 ppm), showing promising improvements to a classroom’s thermal condition and indoor air quality.

scholarly journals Practical Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in Kindergartens. A Case Study of Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9712
Author(s):  
Vesna Lovec ◽  
Miroslav Premrov ◽  
Vesna Žegarac Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Practical Impact

The experimental monitoring of carbon dioxide concentration was carried out in kindergartens in Slovenia, together with indoor air temperature and relative humidity, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the research was to estimate the practical impact of the pandemic on indoor air quality and thermal comfort. The case study sample included buildings with different architectural typology, which are predominantly present in the building stock of Slovenia. The monitoring process lasted for 125 days before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results have shown a better indoor air quality in kindergartens during the pandemic, mostly due to ventilation protocols and almost imperceptibly changed indoor air temperature. The COVID-19 pandemic affected air quality in kindergarten classrooms in Slovenia by reducing the average carbon dioxide concentration when children were present in classrooms by 30%.

scholarly journals Exhaled Carbon Dioxide as a Physiological Source of Deterioration of Indoor Air Quality in Non-Industrial Environments: Influence of Air Temperature

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8127
Author(s):  
Radostina A. Angelova ◽  
Detelin Markov ◽  
Rositsa Velichkova ◽  
Peter Stankov ◽  
Iskra Simova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Air Temperatures

People are the main reason for the deterioration of indoor air quality (IAQ) due to the continuous physiological metabolism processes in their bodies, including respiration. We present results from an investigation of the influence of indoor air temperature on the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2). The investigation was preconditioned by previous findings on the effect of air temperature on human metabolism. However, our literature survey showed a lack of studies on the influence of the indoor air temperature on the exhaled CO2 (or metabolic CO2), which leads to the novelty of our results. Our experiments had two phases: measurement in a university classroom with an installed heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system during regular classes and measurement in a specially designed small climate chamber, where the time variations of the CO2 concentrations, together with some physiological parameters, were measured. Two indoor air temperatures were set: 23 °C and 27 °C. The results obtained and their respective analyses show the strong effect of the two air temperatures on the CO2 concentration due to exhalation. In the classroom, the CO2 concentration at 27 °C was higher by 6.2% than at 23 °C. In the climate chamber, the CO2 concentration at 27 °C was higher by 9.6% than at 23 °C. Physiological parameters (oxygen saturation pressure, pulse rate, end-tidal CO2, and respiration rate) and their dependence on the air temperature were also measured in the climate chamber, establishing an effect of the temperature on the pulse rate.

scholarly journals Method for Estimation of CO2 Gains from Persons in Builidings

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rodero ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sources Of Co2

Carbon dioxide concentration is an important parameter to know Indoor Air Quality of a building. One of the most important sources of CO2 in poor ventilated building is human activity. This work presents a method for experimental determination of human CO2 generation rate based on measuring of time evolution of indoor CO2 concentration. The method is applied to 5 rooms of an educational building from Bialystok (Poland). Similar carbon dioxide gains were obtained in all rooms, around 0.0046 L/s, which correspond to theoretical CO2 generation rates of a sedentary activity for persons, males and females, between 21–30 years old, characteristics of occupants of analyzed rooms.

scholarly journals The use of modern technologies in carbon dioxide monitoring

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Petr Komínek ◽  
Jan Weyr ◽  
Jiří Hirš
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Air Supply

Abstract Indoor environment has huge influence on person’s health and overall comfort. It is of great importance that we realize how essential indoor air quality is, considering we spend on average as much as 90% of our time indoors. There are many factors that affect indoor air quality: specifically, inside air temperature, relative humidity, and odors to name the most important factors. One of the key factors indicating indoor air quality is carbon dioxide (CO2) level. The CO2 levels, measured in prefab apartment buildings, indicates substantial indoor air quality issues. Therefore, a proper education of the occupants is of utmost importance. Also, great care should be directed towards technical and technological solutions that would ensure meeting the normative indoor environment criteria, especially indoor air CO2 levels. Thanks to the implementation of new emerging autonomous technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), monitoring in real-time is enhanced. An area where IoT plays a major role is in the monitoring of indoor environment. IoT technology (e.g. smart meters and sensors) provide awareness of information about the quality of indoor environment. There is a huge potential for influencing behaviour of the users. Through the web application, it is possible to educate people and ensure fresh air supply.

scholarly journals Relation Between Microclimate and Air Quality in the Extensively Reared Turkey House

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Mario Ostović ◽  
Sven Menčik ◽  
Ivica Ravić ◽  
Slavko Žužul ◽  
Željko Pavičić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract Good air quality in poultry houses is crucial for animal health and productivity. In these houses, air is generally contaminated with noxious gases and microorganisms, the concentrations of which depend on numerous factors including microclimate. In this case study, the relation between microclimate and air concentrations of noxious gases and microorganisms was investigated in extensively reared turkey house. The study was carried out at a family household in Dalmatia hinterland, Croatia, with 50.3±3.1 turkeys kept in the house during the study period. Air temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, bacteria and fungi in indoor air were measured three times per month from September to December, in the morning, prior to releasing turkeys out for grazing. Air temperature ranged from 9.73 to 26.98 °C, relative humidity from 63.29% to 75.08%, and airflow rate from 0.11 to 0.17 m/s. Lowest ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in September (2.17 ppm and 550 ppm, respectively) and highest in December (4.50 ppm and 900 ppm, respectively). Bacterial and fungal counts were lowest in December (2.51×105 CFU/m3 and 3.27×103 CFU/m3 air, respectively) and highest in September (6.85×105 CFU/m3 and 1.06x105 CFU/m3 air, respectively). Air temperature and relative humidity showed negative correlation with concentrations of noxious gases and positive correlation with air microorganisms (P<0.05 all).

scholarly journals Keeping Doors Closed as One Reason for Fatigue in Teenagers—A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mainka ◽  
Elwira Zajusz-Zubek
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Sleep Questionnaire ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Sleep Satisfaction

(1) Background: Healthy teenagers are often sleepy. This can be explained by their physiology and behavioral changes; however, the influence of CO2 concentration above 1000 ppm should not be neglected with respect to sleep dissatisfaction. (2) Methods: CO2 concentrations were measured in two similar bedrooms occupied by girls aged 9 and 13 years old. The scheme of measurements included random opening and closing of the bedroom doors for the night. Additionally, the girls evaluated their sleep satisfaction in a post-sleep questionnaire. (3) Results: During the night, the CO2 concentration varied from 402 to 3320 ppm in the teenager’s bedroom and from 458 to 2176 ppm in the child’s bedroom. When the bedroom doors were open, inadequate indoor air quality (IEQIII and IEQIV categories) was observed in both the teenager’s and child’s bedroom during 11% and 25% of the night, respectively; however, closing the doors increased the contribution of moderate (IEQIII) and low (IEQIV) categories of air to 79% and 86%, respectively. The girls were dissatisfied only when the bedroom door was closed. The satisfied category of sleep was selected only by the younger girl. (4) Conclusions: Opening the bedroom door during the night can decrease the CO2 concentration 55–64% without reducing thermal comfort.

scholarly journals The Indoor Air Quality in Laboratory Buildings. A Case Study in Integrated Laboratory of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widya Nilandita ◽  
Ida Munfarida ◽  
M Ratodi ◽  
Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih ◽  
Dedy Suprayogi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is one of the critical issues in sustainable development related to human health as the primary goal. Sustainable development should address potential human exposure to pollutants and health impacts. The laboratory, as educational support in the university, has specific contaminants, but studies on IAQ and thermal comfort in the laboratory have not been studied. IAQ and thermal comfort in a laboratory are essential as they can affect the work and health of the researchers and staffs. The purpose of this study is to analyze indoor air quality in an integrated laboratory of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. This research is a cross-sectional study. Data analysis was done by a quantitative descriptive method. The air quality parameters in the laboratory were temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. All settings compared to the air quality standard. The analysis on carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, relative humidity (%RH), temperature (∘C) has shown that the indoor air does not exceed the standard according to ASHRAE standard and Health Ministry Regulation with the maximum concentration was 444,3 ppm. The fan installation and increased air filter to controlled humidity are the option to improve the indoor air quality.

CFD Analysis on Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Affected by Partitions in Air-Conditioned Building

2016 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Pradip Aryal ◽  
Thananchai Leephakpreeda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

This paper presents a CFD analysis on thermal comfort and indoor air quality affected by partitions in an air-conditioned building. CFD experiments are carried out to simulate variables of indoor air before/after installation or removal of partitions. Accordingly, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is determined as an indicator of thermal comfort while the carbon dioxide concentration within an air-conditioned space is used for the assessment of indoor air quality. Some simulated results are validated by measurements with good agreement where a case study is conducted in an air-conditioned space of a library. With the proposed methodology, it can be recommended in a case study that the significant effects of partition on thermal comfort are observed where the area with neutral sensation and slightly-cool sensation reduces significantly. The occupants feel uncomfortably cold after installing partition. The carbon dioxide concentrations slightly increase in some areas but the average concentration remains acceptable according to ASHRAE standard. Without the reinforcement of the air-conditioning units, the installation of partition at the desired location is not encouraged regarding to occupant’s thermal comfort and indoor air quality.

scholarly journals Letter to the editor: Ventilation is key, open a window

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Patel ◽  
Ciara Docherty ◽  
James R Allison ◽  
Graham Walton ◽  
Ben Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Co2 Levels

Dear Sir, We read with interest a recent article which modelled the risk to dental health care workers of various airborne pathogens [1]. This paper used Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration as an indicator of air quality and ventilation, reasoning that CO2 ;levels provide a measure of exposure to exhaled breath [2]. Reassuringly, with high indoor air quality, and a filtering facepiece-2 (FFP2) mask, infection transmission probability was estimated at 0% for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). CO2 concentration (i.e. air quality and ventilation) had the biggest influence on estimated transmission risk, much more so than respiratory protection from masks. With “medium” air quality the estimated transmission probability remained over 20% regardless of respiratory protection (masks) and patient infectivity. It should be noted that these data were based on SARS-CoV-1, but SARS-CoV-2 is expected to behave similarly.Using CO2 concentration is a useful, quick and inexpensive measure to assess air quality in indoor spaces and may be of use to readers. High air quality is defined as &lt; 800 ppm CO2 [3]. We used a calibrated CO2 meter (Extech CO240; Nashua, NH, USA; £200) to assess four indoor environments within Newcastle dental school and hospital, with known air exchange rates. Two people sat (physically distanced) in each space for 30 minutes, allowing CO2 to accumulate, before leaving the area whilst measurement continued. We found that the increase in CO2 was minimal in most environments, with air quality remaining high (i.e. &lt; 800 ppm CO2). In one unventilated, windowless surgery, levels did reach medium quality for a short period. This highlights the potential value of this simple technique in identifying areas with poorer ventilation. We next repeated the measurements with any windows open, and found that air quality and ventilation improved further; this was close to CO2 levels found outdoors. In conclusion, measuring CO2 concentration may be a useful way to measure indoor air quality and opening a window is a powerful and simple way to improve ventilation. Nisha Patel, Ciara Docherty, James Allison, Graham Walton, Ben Cole, Justin Durham, Nick Jakubovics and Richard HollidaySchool of Dental Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCorrespondence to [email protected] C, Awad SF, Volgenant CM, Crielaard W, Laheij AM, de Soet JJ. Modeling of the Transmission of Coronaviruses, Measles Virus, Influenza Virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Legionella pneumophila in Dental Clinics. J Dent Res 2020; 2:0022034520940288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520940288. 2.Rudnick SN, Milton DK. Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration. Indoor air. 2003; 13(3): 237-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x3.Kukadia V, Upton S. Ensuring good indoor air quality in buildings. BRE Group. Ensuring Good Indoor Air Quality in Buildings. 2019. Available at https://www.bregroup.com/bretrust/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2019/03/Ensuring-Good-IAQ-in-Buildings-Trust-report_compressed-2.pdf (accessed July 2020).

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