The Relationship between Urban Density and Building Energy Consumption

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Nariman Mostafavi ◽  
Mehdi Pourpeikari Heris ◽  
Fernanda Gándara ◽  
Simi Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Neighborhood characteristics influence natural urban energy fluxes and the choices made by urban actors. This article focuses on the impact of urban density as a neighborhood physical parameter on building energy consumption profiles for seven different metropolitan areas in the United States. Primarily, 30 × 30 m2 cells were classified into five categories of settlement density using the US Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD), the US Census, and Census Block data. In the next step, linear hierarchical spatial and non-spatial models were developed and applied to building energy data in those seven metropolitan areas to explore the links between urban density (and other urban form parameters) and energy performance, using both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. Our results indicate that urban density is correlated with energy-use intensity (EUI), but its impact is not similar across different metropolitan areas. The outcomes of our analysis further show that the distance from buildings within which the influence of urban form parameters on EUI is most significant varies by city and negatively changes with urban density. Although the relationship between urban density parameters and EUI varies across cities, tree-cover area, impervious area, and neighborhood building-covered area have a more consistent impact compared to building and housing density.

Analysis the TMY Selecting by Different Meteorological Parameters Precision to the Impact of Building Energy Consumption

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2529-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Lian Li ◽  
Wei Hua Zhang ◽  
Xin Yin Xu ◽  
Jun Qi Yu ◽  
Liu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Meteorological parameter is a basic and direct role for guiding the regional standards of construction and the evaluation of the energy consumption simulation. The outdoor climate condition is a key for architectural design, which depends on the long-term record of meteorological parameters and the scientific processing method of meteorological data. This paper has researched the impact of the generation of TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) due to the precision selection of meteorological parameters through the United States Sandia National Laboratory method. The result shows that taking different precision of the units has a minimal impact to TMY generation when choosing Peking and Lhasa as representive cities. Simulating energy consumption for the same public building in cold region by different meteorological parameters precision, the relative standard deviation was 5.76% and 7.45% for Peking city, and the relative standard deviation was 7.21% and 6.81% for Lhasa. It shows that the selection of TMY with different meteorological parameters precision has a small influence on the building energy consumption.

scholarly journals Review on Urban Heat Island in China: Methods, Its Impact on Buildings Energy Demand and Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Liu Tian ◽  
Yongcai Li ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Jue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

High population density, dense high-rise buildings, and impervious pavements increase the vulnerability of cities, which aggravate the urban climate environment characterized by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cities in China provide unique information on the UHI phenomenon because they have experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development, which have had a great influence on the climate in recent decades. This paper provides a review of recent research on the methods and impacts of UHI on building energy consumption, and the practical techniques that can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of UHI in China. The impact of UHI on building energy consumption depends largely on the local microclimate, the urban area features where the building is located, and the type and characteristics of the building. In the urban areas dominated by air conditioning, UHI could result in an approximately 10–16% increase in cooling energy consumption. Besides, the potential negative effects of UHI can be prevented from China in many ways, such as urban greening, cool material, water bodies, urban ventilation, etc. These strategies could have a substantial impact on the overall urban thermal environment if they can be used in the project design stage of urban planning and implemented on a large scale. Therefore, this study is useful to deepen the understanding of the physical mechanisms of UHI and provide practical approaches to fight the UHI for the urban planners, public health officials, and city decision-makers in China.

scholarly journals The Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Building Energy Consumption in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4084
Author(s):  
Hassan Bazazzadeh ◽  
Peiman Pilechiha ◽  
Adam Nadolny ◽  
Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad ◽  
Seyedeh sara Hashemi safaei
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Heating Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

A substantial share of the building sector in global energy demand has attracted scholars to focus on the energy efficiency of the building sector. The building’s energy consumption has been projected to increase due to mass urbanization, high living comfort standards, and, more importantly, climate change. While climate change has potential impacts on the rate of energy consumption in buildings, several studies have shown that these impacts differ from one region to another. In response, this paper aimed to investigate the impact of climate change on the heating and cooling energy demands of buildings as influential variables in building energy consumption in the city of Poznan, Poland. In this sense, through the statistical downscaling method and considering the most recent Typical Meteorological Year (2004–2018) as the baseline, the future weather data for 2050 and 2080 of the city of Poznan were produced according to the HadCM3 and A2 GHG scenario. These generated files were then used to simulate the energy demands in 16 building prototypes of the ASHRAE 90.1 standard. The results indicate an average increase in cooling load and a decrease in heating load at 135% and 40% , respectively, by 2080. Due to the higher share of heating load, the total thermal load of the buildings decreased within the study period. Therefore, while the total thermal load is currently under the decrease, to avoid its rise in the future, serious measures should be taken to control the increased cooling demand and, consequently, thermal load and GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Long-Term Prediction of Weather for Analysis of Residential Building Energy Consumption in Australia

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4805
Author(s):  
Shu Chen ◽  
Zhengen Ren ◽  
Zhi Tang ◽  
Xianrong Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Impact

Globally, buildings account for nearly 40% of the total primary energy consumption and are responsible for 20% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Energy consumption in buildings is increasing with the increasing world population and improving standards of living. Current global warming conditions will inevitably impact building energy consumption. To address this issue, this report conducted a comprehensive study of the impact of climate change on residential building energy consumption. Using the methodology of morphing, the weather files were constructed based on the typical meteorological year (TMY) data and predicted data generated from eight typical global climate models (GCMs) for three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) from 2020 to 2100. It was found that the most severe situation would occur in scenario RCP8.5, where the increase in temperature will reach 4.5 °C in eastern Australia from 2080–2099, which is 1 °C higher than that in other climate zones. With the construction of predicted weather files in 83 climate zones all across Australia, ten climate zones (cities)—ranging from heating-dominated to cooling-dominated regions—were selected as representative climate zones to illustrate the impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy consumption. The quantitative change in the energy requirements for space heating and cooling, along with the star rating, was simulated for two representative detached houses using the AccuRate software. It could be concluded that the RCP scenarios significantly affect the energy loads, which is consistent with changes in the ambient temperature. The heating load decreases for all climate zones, while the cooling load increases. Most regions in Australia will increase their energy consumption due to rising temperatures; however, the energy requirements of Adelaide and Perth would not change significantly, where the space heating and cooling loads are balanced due to decreasing heating and increasing cooling costs in most scenarios. The energy load in bigger houses will change more than that in smaller houses. Furthermore, Brisbane is the most sensitive region in terms of relative space energy changes, and Townsville appears to be the most sensitive area in terms of star rating change in this study. The impact of climate change on space building energy consumption in different climate zones should be considered in future design strategies due to the decades-long lifespans of Australian residential houses.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of urban wind sheltering on the building energy consumption

2017 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 850-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saber Khoshdel Nikkho ◽  
Mohammad Heidarinejad ◽  
Jiying Liu ◽  
Jelena Srebric
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Wind Sheltering ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of plant-based milk alternatives in the US

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samara Mendez ◽  
Jacob Peacock
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Data Variability ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dairy Milk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources

This project aims to evaluate the impact of the increasing availability of plant-based milk alternatives on demand for fluid dairy milk in the United States. We investigate this question by conducting three analyses: (1) gathering and comparing different sources of plant-based sales data to investigate data variability and to determine whether plant-based milk sales are sufficient to replace declining dairy sales, (2) summarizing research on the relationship between plant-based and dairy milks to determine whether the products are price substitutes for each other, and (3) estimating demand for whole and 2% dairy milk in separate periods between 2001-2019 and comparing one period's responsiveness to price fluctuations against the other period to determine whether dairy milk demand has undergone major changes that could have been caused by the expansion of plant-based milk products. Our results confirm that the volume plant-based milk consumed has increased over time, but not enough to fully explain the observed decline in dairy milk consumption. We find that dairy sales are relatively insensitive to changes in prices of plant-based milks while plant-based milk sales respond to changes in prices of lower-fat dairy milks more than higher-fat dairy milks. Unusual data patterns and estimation results suggest that the dairy demand model needs refinement before drawing confident conclusions, but our tentative findings indicate that whole and 2% dairy milk consumption is decreasing despite decreases in price and that consumer responsiveness may have changed in recent years. That said, the overall results suggest that we cannot confidently attribute all of this potential change in dairy milk demand to consumption of plant-based milk products.

scholarly journals On the Impact of Climate Change on Building Energy Consumptions: A Meta-Analysis

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Ludovica Maria Campagna ◽  
Francesco Fiorito
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The body of literature on climate change impacts on building energy consumption is rising, driven by the urgency to implement adaptation measures. Nevertheless, the multitude of prediction methodologies, future scenarios, as well as climate zones investigated, results in a wide range of expected changes. For these reasons, the present review aims to map climate change impacts on building energy consumption from a quantitative perspective and to identify potential relationships between energy variation and a series of variables that could affect them, including heating and cooling degree-days (HDDs and CDDs), reference period, future time slices and IPCC emission scenarios, by means of statistical techniques. In addition, an overview of the main characteristics of the studies related to locations investigated, building types and methodological approaches are given. To sum up, global warming leads to: (i) decrease in heating consumptions; (ii) increase in cooling consumption; (iii) growth in total consumptions, with notable differences between climate zones. No strong correlation between the parameters was found, although a moderate linear correlation was identified between heating variation and HDDs, and total variation and HDDs. The great variability of the collected data demonstrates the importance of increasing specific impact studies, required to identify appropriate adaptation strategies.

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