Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Uropathic Patients: Differences from Community-Acquired Ones and Therapeutic Protocol Considerations. A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study

Pyelonephritis (PN) represents an important cause of morbidity in the pediatric population, especially in uropathic patients. The aim of the study is to demonstrate differences between PNs of uropathic patients and PNs acquired in community in terms of uropathogens involved and antibiotic sensitivity; moreover, to identify a proper empiric therapeutic strategy. A retrospective study was conducted on antibiograms on urine cultures from PNs in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) patients admitted to pediatric surgery department and from PNs in not VUR patients admitted to Pediatric Emergency Unit between 2010 and 2020. We recorded 58 PNs in 33 patients affected by VUR and 112 PNs in the not VUR group. The mean age of not VUR patients at the PN episode was 1.3 ± 2.6 years (range: 20 days of life–3 years), and almost all the urine cultures, 111 (99.1%), isolated Gram-negative bacteria and rarely, 1 (0.9%), Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative uropathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (97%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), and Klebsiella spp. (1%). The only Gram-positive bacteria isolated was an Enterococcus faecalis. As regards the antibiograms, 96% of not VUR PNs responded to beta-lactams, 99% to aminoglycosides, and 80% to sulfonamides. For the VUR group, mean age was 3.0 years ± 3.0 years (range: 9 days of life–11 years) and mean number of episodes per patient was 2.0 ± 1.0 (range: 1–5); 83% of PNs were by Gram-negatives bacteria vs. 17% by Gram-positive: the most important Gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Escherichia coli (27%), and Klebsiella spp. (12%), while Enterococcus spp. determined 90% of Gram-positive UTIs. Regimen ampicillin/ceftazidime (success rate: 72.0%) was compared to ampicillin/amikacin (success rate of 83.0%): no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.09). The pathogens of PNs in uropathic patients are different from those of community-acquired PNs, and clinicians should be aware of their peculiar antibiotic susceptibility. An empiric therapy based on the association ampicillin + ceftazidime is therefore suggested.

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Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) Win Against Gram Positive Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in The Same Media

Biomolecular and Health Science Journal ◽

10.20473/bhsj.v4i2.30177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Neisya Intan Cahyaningtyas Agung Putri ◽

Ramadhani Ramadhani ◽

Eddy Bagus Wasito

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Doubling Time ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction: Biodiversity of the microorganism in Indonesia lead to the large amount of patient with infection. Human can get infected in two different place, with different kind of bacteria that cause the infection. This may lead to bacteremia without knowing which bacteria type whose causing it, either the Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, whereas the treatment of this two types of bacteria are different. The aim of this study is to determine the doubling time of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria when they are grown in the same lesion and the kinds of bacteria that we need to eliminate first.Methods: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were used as samples in this study. Bacterial culture in nutrient broth with 0.5 OD turbidity were mixed then incubated in incubator with 35˚C. Every one hour within 24 hour, 0.01 ml of bacterial culture was taken in serial dilutionover time, varying between 106 – 1012, . It was then planted in nutrient agar plate with droplets technique. After it had been incubated for 24 hours, we counted the Colony Forming Unit per ml (CFU/ml) to time, then the doubling time of the bacteria. The result were then compared between the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli group.Results: Two tailed t-test result of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli was < 0,05 (p=0,000) wich means that there is significant difference of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus (24,35 ± 2,23 munites), and Escherichia coli (18,37 ± 0,50 minutes). When grown in the same media, Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) had slower doubling time than Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as much as 1.32 times.Conclusion: In bacteremia with two possible kinds of bacterial suspect, we need to eliminate the Gram negative bacteria first.

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Survival of some non-starter bacteria in naturally ripened and enzyme-accelerated Cheddar cheese

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900033380 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 597-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lydia Bautista ◽

Rohan G. Kroll

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Enzyme System ◽

Cheddar Cheese ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Ripening Period ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

SummaryEffects of the addition of a proteinase (Neutrase 1–5S) and a peptidase (aminopeptidase DP-102) as agents for accelerating the ripening of Cheddar cheese on the survival of some non-starter bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coliand aSalmonellasp.) were studied throughout a 4-month ripening period. The enzymes were found to have no significant effect on the survival of the Gram-positive bacteria but some significant effects were observed, at some stages of the ripening period, with the Gram-negative bacteria in that lower levels were recovered from cheeses treated with the enzyme system.

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Different Modes of Action of Naphthyridones in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.50.1.385-387.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 385-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ed T. Buurman ◽

Kenneth D. Johnson ◽

Roxanne K. Kelly ◽

Kathy MacCormack

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Modes Of Action

ABSTRACT Naphthyridones that were recently described as a class of translation inhibitors in gram-positive bacteria mediate their mode of action via GyrA in Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. These are the first examples of compounds in which modes of action in different bacterial pathogens are mediated through widely different targets.

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Pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20212122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 994

Author(s):

N. Jyothsna ◽

A. Ramya ◽

K. Abhilash ◽

Bathsa Liza Johnson

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Bacterial Strain ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Acute Tonsillitis ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Drugs ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Our study was done to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis.Methods: the study was a randomized cross sectional study. Patients matching the inclusion criteria were included. Duration of study was 6 months.Results: Out of 120 cases, 46 cases showed no bacterial growth (NBG) and 74 cases showed bacterial growth. 42 cases were gram-negative bacterial strain and 32 cases were positive bacterial strain out of 72 bacterial grown cases. A list of 25 antibiotic drugs in gram-negative and 31 drugs in gram-positive strain, their sensitivity and resistance were taken and noted. Among gram-negative bacteria imipenem (71.4%) showed highest sensitivity. Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in ampicillin (85.71%). Least sensitivity is observed in clindamycin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid with 2.38%. Among gram-positive bacteria, highest sensitivity was noted in cefotaxime (75%). Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in cotrimoxazole (46.8%). Least sensitivity is observed in netilmicin, sulbactam with 3.12%.Conclusions: The number of drugs resistant to the gram-positive bacteria are lesser than number of drugs sensitive, which showed significant difference (p<0.05). Significant difference of antibiotic drugs was not found in gram-negative bacteria. Our study findings helped in appropriate and guarded use of the antibiotic drugs in acute tonsillitis, minimizing the exposure of individuals to antibiotic resistance by choosing an appropriate sensitive drug, therefore improving the quality of therapy.

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Paper modified with ZnO nanorods – antimicrobial studies

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.3.78 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 684-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Mayuree Jaisai ◽

Sunandan Baruah ◽

Joydeep Dutta

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Zno Nanorods ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Tissue Paper ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Lighting Conditions

Paper with antimicrobial properties was developed through in situ growth of ZnO nanorods. The targeted application for this type of paper is in health centers as wallpaper, writing paper, facemasks, tissue paper, etc. The paper was tested on three model microbes, Gram-positive bacteriaStaphylococcus aureus,Gram-negative bacteriaEscherichia coliand common airborne fungusAspergillus niger. No viable bacterial colonies or fungal spores could be detected in the areas surrounding test samples of the antimicrobial paper. Gram-negative bacteriaEscherichia coliwere found to be inhibited in an area that is 239% and 163% the area of the paper sample under different room lighting conditions, i.e., halogen and fluorescent lamp illumination, respectively. For Gram-positive bacteriaStaphylococcus aureusthe zones of inhibition surrounding the paper samples are 102% and 70%, and forAspergillus niger, 224% and 183% of the sample area, under similar lighting conditions.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts againstBacillus Subtilis,Staphylococcus Aureusand Escherichia Coli

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2011/824697 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (s1) ◽

pp. S282-S284 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liliwirianis N ◽

Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain ◽

Jamaluddin Kassim ◽

Shaikh Abdul Karim

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Stemona Tuberosa ◽

Elephantopus Scaber

Local herbs have many potential that may be active with antimicrobial activity. A screening was conducted with 11 species of herbs collected in UiTM Pahang Forest Reserve.Epipremnumsp.,Zingibersp.Tetracera indica, Tectaria crenata, Piper stylosum, Homalomena propinque, Goniothalamus sp., Elephantopus scaber, Mapania patiolale, Melastomasp.,Stemona tuberosa, Phullagathis rotundifolia, Thotea grandifoliaandSmilaxsp. were extracted with methanol to obtain their crude. The agar diffusion method using blank disc of 6 mm diameter were loaded with 1000 µg/mL of methanol crude and applied to the inoculate plate was used to assess the antimicrobial activity against two gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilisandStaphylococcus aeureus) and one gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The results evaluated as the diameter of the inhibition zone of microbial growth, showed that all the extracts were active against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The extract ofStemona tuberosewas found to be the most active against theE. coliandS. aeureuswhilePiper stylosumactive againstB. subtilis.

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SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES STABILIZED BY CITRATE ANIONS

Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Series Сhemical Sciences ◽

10.37827/ntsh.chem.2020.60.127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (60) ◽

pp. 127-135

Author(s):

Liliya BAZYLYAK ◽

◽

Andriy KYTSYA ◽

Ilona KARPENKO ◽

Olena KARPENKO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Colloidal Silver ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Vis Spectroscopy

Widespread use of synthetic antimicrobial drugs leads to the development of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic strains of microorganisms. Therefore, today researchers are very interested in drugs based on nanoparticles of metals, in particular silver and copper, which have antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. One of the reasons for the high interest of researchers in AgNPs as an antimicrobial agent is the significantly lower toxicity of AgNPs compared to Ag+ ions. High antibacterial efficiency of silver nano¬particles is achieved due to their developed surface, which provides maximum contact with the environment. In addition, such nanoparticles are quite small and are able to penetrate cell membranes, to affect intracellular processes from within. Therefore, the aim of this work was to obtain concentrated colloidal silver solutions stabilized by citrate anions, which simultaneously provide satisfactory stabilization of colloidal silver solutions and are non-toxic, as well as to investigate the antimicrobial action of synthesized AgNPs. The solution of citrate stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been obtained via the reaction of reduction of silver nitrate by hydrazine in alkaline medium in the presence of sodium citrate. AgNPs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy and the particles size and particles size distribution (PSD) were determined. It was observed that obtained AgNPs are mainly spherical shape. It was found that the mean diameter and PSD of AgNPs determined using TEM and UV-vis spectroscopy are close and equal to 14 and 5 nm and 15 and 4 nm respectively. Obtained solution was concentrated by evaporation at 70 C under reduced pressure up to achievement of AgNPs concentration equal to 200 mg/L. On the base of comparison of optical properties of initial silver sol and concentrated solution the minority of agglomeration of AgNPs was statement. At the same time AgNO3 test showed no change of UV-vis spectrum of concentrate that points on the absence of reducing agent in the solution; this fact indicate that hydrazine was eliminated from during the evaporation of initial AgNPs solution and obtained concentrate did not consist the toxic impurities. Antimicrobial activity of obtained citrate stabilised AgNPs against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterium was tested using disk diffusion method. It was found that AgNPs shown significant bactericidal effect even at low (25 mg/L) concentration as well as some higher efficiency against Gram-negative bacterium. There was also a slightly higher antimicrobial activity of the drug against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli compared with gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, due to the different structure of cell walls. In particular, the walls of gram-positive bacteria consist mainly of peptidoglycan (murein), and gram-negative bacteria have cell walls with a layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide component, which is not present in gram-positive bacteria. Based on the studies, it can be concluded that the proposed method of synthesis of AgNPs is suitable for obtaining highly concentrated silver sols. This method of synthesis is simple in hardware design, scalable, and the resulting colloidal solutions are stable and do not contain harmful impurities. Therefore, due to the high antibacterial activity of citrate-anion-stabilized AgNPs against certain types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, it can be recommended for the manufacture of bactericidal drugs for biomedical purposes.

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Determination of Patulin By TLC From Mouldy Apples

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v34i1.680 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 201-207

Author(s):

Omar J. Al saree

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Tlc Plates

Analysis of the decayed apples (van. Starking delicious), collected from the localmarket, for patulin mycotoxin, using column chromotography and TLC Plates showedthat the presence of the amount of patulin mycotoxin in the mouldy tissues (1.3 , 2.5 ,3.4 , 4.2, 5.5, and 6.4 ) cm in diameters were (5.1, 5.8, 6.3, 10.5, 12.3, and 14 ) μgpatulin/g moldy tissues respectively. According to this research also, Patulinmycotoxin could diffused to the surrounding mouldy tissues. It is found that (0.5and0.2), (1.0 and 0.5), and (1.5 and 0.5) μg patulin/g tissues in the first and secondcentimeters after mouldy tissues 4.2, 5.5 and 6.4 cm respectively, this phenomenondue to the presence of intracellular spaces in the tissues which allow to patulin todiffuse from mouldy to the healthy tissues there was no patulin found in the othersurrounding healthy tissues. Gram positive bacteria found to be more susceptible topatulin, the zone of inhibition against Staphyllococcus aureus was 10 to 11 mm indiameter at concentration 10 and 30 mg /ml respectively when compared with 0.3μg/ml streptomycin and 0.06 μg/ml ciprofloxacin while no inhibitory effect foundagainst Gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

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Analysis of antibiotics administration in diabetic ulcer patients at Panembahan Senopati regional hospital Bantul

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 3782

Author(s):

Adnal K. P. Husein Putra ◽

Sri Sundari

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcer ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Diabetic Ulcer ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Background: This study provides an overview of diabetic ulcer infection, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, the most common types of antibiotics, factors influence in antibiotics administrations, and verifying the guideline used of antibiotics.Methods: The research used descriptive analysis combined with interviews. The study was starting from February-March 2021. Eighty-six diabetic ulcer patients were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We interviewed seven doctors.Results: 71 bacterias were found with a gram-negative bacteria count of 80.3%- higher than gram-positive bacteria (19.7%). The most common gram-negative bacteria found are Escherichia coli (12.7%) and show the most heightened sensitivity with imipenem (80.7%), while cefuroxime and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole show the highest resistance (64.9%). The most common gram-positive bacteria found are Staphylococcus aureus (14.1%), and vancomycin shows the most heightened sensitivity (100%), while penicillin shows the highest resistance (71.4%). The most common single antibiotic administration was ceftriaxone, as well as a combination of two antibiotics, namely ceftriaxone and metronidazole.Conclusions: Escherichia coli was the most gram-negative bacteria, which has the highest sensitivity with imipenem, while Staphylococcus aureus was the most gram-positive bacteria, which has the most heightened sensitivity with vancomycin. The most common single antibiotic administration was ceftriaxone, as well as a combination of two antibiotics, ceftriaxone and metronidazole. Factors that influence antibiotics administration are patient condition, susceptibility testing, training, and advice from colleagues. Every doctor uses different guidelines for diabetic foot ulcer.

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Epidemiology, Pathogens Distribution, Antibiotic Susceptibility and the Risk Factors for Mortality of Patients With Central Nervous System Infections: a Retrospective Study From 2012 to 2019 in a Teaching Hospital in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-153262/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zheng Zhang ◽

Yan Song ◽

Jianbang Kang ◽

Surong Duan ◽

Qi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Pulmonary Infection ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Cns Infections

Abstract Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infections are relatively rare but associated with high mortality worldwide. Empirical antimicrobial therapy is crucial for the prognosis of patients with CNS infections, which should be based on the knowledge of pathogens distribution and antibiotic sensitivities. China is a vast country, and the pathogens distribution varies nationwide. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with CNS infections in north China and we tried to evaluate the risk factors for mortality.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture in a teaching hospital between January 2012 and December 2019. The following information were collected: demographic characteristics, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility results. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the risk factors for mortality.Results: In this eight-year retrospective study, a total of 72 patients were diagnosed with CNS infections and 86 isolates were identified. Among all the microorganisms detected, Gram-positive strains consisted of 59.3%, Gram-negative bacteria of 30.2% and fungi of 10.5%. The predominant Gram-positive isolate was coagulase-negative staphylococci. Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were the common Gram-negative strains. Compared to 2012-2015 years, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria increased markedly during 2016-2019 years. Vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were still 100% sensitive to Gram-positive bacteria. For the multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, only tigecycline was the 100% sensitive antibiotics. The mortality of the 72 patients was 30.6%. In the multivariate analysis, age >50 years, combined pulmonary infection and CSF glucose < normal value were associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: CNS infections cause high mortality worldwide. Although Gram-positive bacteria are still the primary pathogen of CNS infections, Gram-negative bacteria had increased in recent years and should be considered in the choice of empirical antibiotic treatment. Special attention should be given to older patients and those combined pulmonary infection and with low CSF glucose level.

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