Epidemiology, Pathogens Distribution, Antibiotic Susceptibility and the Risk Factors for Mortality of Patients With Central Nervous System Infections: a Retrospective Study From 2012 to 2019 in a Teaching Hospital in China

Abstract Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infections are relatively rare but associated with high mortality worldwide. Empirical antimicrobial therapy is crucial for the prognosis of patients with CNS infections, which should be based on the knowledge of pathogens distribution and antibiotic sensitivities. China is a vast country, and the pathogens distribution varies nationwide. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with CNS infections in north China and we tried to evaluate the risk factors for mortality.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture in a teaching hospital between January 2012 and December 2019. The following information were collected: demographic characteristics, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility results. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the risk factors for mortality.Results: In this eight-year retrospective study, a total of 72 patients were diagnosed with CNS infections and 86 isolates were identified. Among all the microorganisms detected, Gram-positive strains consisted of 59.3%, Gram-negative bacteria of 30.2% and fungi of 10.5%. The predominant Gram-positive isolate was coagulase-negative staphylococci. Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were the common Gram-negative strains. Compared to 2012-2015 years, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria increased markedly during 2016-2019 years. Vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were still 100% sensitive to Gram-positive bacteria. For the multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, only tigecycline was the 100% sensitive antibiotics. The mortality of the 72 patients was 30.6%. In the multivariate analysis, age >50 years, combined pulmonary infection and CSF glucose < normal value were associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: CNS infections cause high mortality worldwide. Although Gram-positive bacteria are still the primary pathogen of CNS infections, Gram-negative bacteria had increased in recent years and should be considered in the choice of empirical antibiotic treatment. Special attention should be given to older patients and those combined pulmonary infection and with low CSF glucose level.

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Epidemiology, pathogens distribution, antibiotic susceptibility and the risk factors for mortality of patients with central nervous system infections: a retrospective study from 2012 to 2019 in a teaching hospital in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-153262/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zheng Zhang ◽

Yan Song ◽

Jianbang Kang ◽

Surong Duan ◽

Qi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Pulmonary Infection ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Cns Infections

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Epidemiology of patients with central nervous system infections, mainly neurosurgical patients: a retrospective study from 2012 to 2019 in a teaching hospital in China

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06561-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zheng Zhang ◽

Yan Song ◽

Jianbang Kang ◽

Surong Duan ◽

Qi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Cns Infections

Abstract Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections are relatively rare but are associated with high mortality worldwide. Empirical antimicrobial therapy is crucial for the survival of patients with CNS infections, and should be based on the knowledge of the pathogen distribution and antibiotic sensitivities. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with CNS infections in North China and evaluate the risk factors for mortality and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Methods A retrospective study was conducted with patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures in a teaching hospital from January 2012 to December 2019. The following data were collected: demographic characteristics, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial sensitivity results. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for mortality and MDR bacterial infections. Results A total of 72 patients were diagnosed with CNS infections, and 86 isolates were identified. The proportions of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were 59.3, 30.2 and 10.5%, respectively. The predominant Gram-positive bacteria was Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were the predominant Gram-negative bacteria. Compared to 2012–2015 years, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria increased markedly during 2016–2019 years. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecium had 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 100% sensitive to tigecycline. Escherichia coli had 100% sensitivity to amikacin, meropenem and imipenem. The overall mortality rate in the 72 patients was 30.6%. In multivariate analysis, age > 50 years, pulmonary infections and CSF glucose level < the normal value were associated with poor outcomes. CSF adenosine deaminase level > the normal value and the presence of external ventricular drainage/lumbar cistern drainage were associated with MDR bacterial infections. Conclusions The mortality rate due to CNS infections reached 30.6% in our study. The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria has increased markedly in recent years. We should give particular attention to patients with risk factors for mortality and MDR bacterial infections mentioned above.

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Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Uropathic Patients: Differences from Community-Acquired Ones and Therapeutic Protocol Considerations. A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study

Children ◽

10.3390/children8060436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 436

Author(s):

Giovanni Parente ◽

Tommaso Gargano ◽

Stefania Pavia ◽

Chiara Cordola ◽

Marzia Vastano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Success Rate ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Klebsiella Spp

Pyelonephritis (PN) represents an important cause of morbidity in the pediatric population, especially in uropathic patients. The aim of the study is to demonstrate differences between PNs of uropathic patients and PNs acquired in community in terms of uropathogens involved and antibiotic sensitivity; moreover, to identify a proper empiric therapeutic strategy. A retrospective study was conducted on antibiograms on urine cultures from PNs in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) patients admitted to pediatric surgery department and from PNs in not VUR patients admitted to Pediatric Emergency Unit between 2010 and 2020. We recorded 58 PNs in 33 patients affected by VUR and 112 PNs in the not VUR group. The mean age of not VUR patients at the PN episode was 1.3 ± 2.6 years (range: 20 days of life–3 years), and almost all the urine cultures, 111 (99.1%), isolated Gram-negative bacteria and rarely, 1 (0.9%), Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative uropathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (97%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), and Klebsiella spp. (1%). The only Gram-positive bacteria isolated was an Enterococcus faecalis. As regards the antibiograms, 96% of not VUR PNs responded to beta-lactams, 99% to aminoglycosides, and 80% to sulfonamides. For the VUR group, mean age was 3.0 years ± 3.0 years (range: 9 days of life–11 years) and mean number of episodes per patient was 2.0 ± 1.0 (range: 1–5); 83% of PNs were by Gram-negatives bacteria vs. 17% by Gram-positive: the most important Gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Escherichia coli (27%), and Klebsiella spp. (12%), while Enterococcus spp. determined 90% of Gram-positive UTIs. Regimen ampicillin/ceftazidime (success rate: 72.0%) was compared to ampicillin/amikacin (success rate of 83.0%): no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.09). The pathogens of PNs in uropathic patients are different from those of community-acquired PNs, and clinicians should be aware of their peculiar antibiotic susceptibility. An empiric therapy based on the association ampicillin + ceftazidime is therefore suggested.

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Analysis of risk factors and clinical indicators in bloodstream infections among patients with hematological malignancy : a retrospective study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-85374/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yating Ma ◽

Ming Yang ◽

Jinfeng Bao ◽

Chengbin Wang

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Hematological Malignancy ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Negative Group ◽

Infection Group ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Culture Positive

Abstract Background: The incidence of bloodstream infection caused by bacteremia is more common in patients with hematological malignancy. It is important to distinguish infectious episodes from non-infectious episodes. The present study was aimed to describe epidemiology and clinical indexes for in-hospital infection of hematological malignancy patients.Methods: Single-center retrospective research was performed on hematological malignancy patients admitted to our hospital from July 2015 to March 2018. Laboratory and clinical information from 322 febrile patients were acquired. These episodes were divided by blood culture results into two groups: (1) blood culture positive group, (2) blood culture negative group.Results: In the 322 febrile cases, 81 (25.2%) patients were blood culture positive, and among them, Gram-negative bacteria (51.9%) were more isolated than Gram-positive bacteria (32.1%) and fungi (7.4%). Gram-negative bacteria were more likely to have a drug resistance than Gram-positive bacteria. Independent risk factors revealed that patients with complications, high levels of procalcitonin (PCT), glucose, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and d-dimer (D-D), and low concentration of albumin were correlated with occurrence of infection. PCT, IL-6 and D-D performed well in differentiating not only the infection group from the non-infection group, but also in the Gram-negative group from the Gram-positive group with the areas under the curve all above 0.75.Conclusions: We analyzed the risk factors for bloodstream infection in patients with hematological malignancy, the distribution of bacteria, antibiotics resistance and the changes of clinical parameters. This single-center retrospective study may provide clinicians insight to the diagnosis and treatment of infection.

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Rapid demonstration of septic or infectious arthritis due to Gram-negative bacteria

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123830 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 686-687

Author(s):

Jacob S. Hanker ◽

Paul R. Gross ◽

Beverly L. Giammara

Keyword(s):

Chronic Arthritis ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Infectious Arthritis ◽

Bacterial Arthritis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Blood cultures are positive in approximately only 50 per cent of the patients with nongonococcal bacterial infectious arthritis and about 20 per cent of those with gonococcal arthritis. But the concept that gram-negative bacteria could be involved even in chronic arthritis is well-supported. Gram stains are more definitive in staphylococcal arthritis caused by gram-positive bacteria than in bacterial arthritis due to gram-negative bacteria. In the latter situation where gram-negative bacilli are the problem, Gram stains are helpful for 50% of the patients; they are only helpful for 25% of the patients, however, where gram-negative gonococci are the problem. In arthritis due to gram-positive Staphylococci. Gramstained smears are positive for 75% of the patients.

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Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles prepared by Calcination method

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance ◽

10.25258/ijpqa.10.3.25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Elaf Ayad Kadhem ◽

Miaad Hamzah Zghair ◽

Sarah , Hussam H. Tizkam, Shoeb Alahmad Salih Mahdi ◽

Hussam H. Tizkam ◽

Shoeb Alahmad

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Magnesium Oxide ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Agar Disc

magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were prepared by simple wet chemical method using different calcination temperatures. The prepared NPs were characterized by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It demonstrates sharp intensive peak with the increase of crystallinty and increase of the size with varying morphologies with respect to increase of calcination temperature. Antibacterial studies were done on gram negative bacteria (E.coli) and gram positive bacteria (S.aureus) by agar disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibitions were found larger for gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria, this mean, antibacterial MgO NPs activity more active on gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria because of the structural differences. It was found that antibacterial activity of MgO NPs was found it has directly proportional with their concentration.

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BAKTERI PADA KARANG SCLERACTINIA DI KAWASAN PERAIRAN BUNAKEN, MOROTAI DAN RAJA AMPAT

JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS ◽

10.35800/jplt.8.1.2020.28110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Eghbert Eghbert Elvan Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽

Iis Iis Triyulianti ◽

Nuryani Widagti ◽

Suciadi Catur Nugroho ◽

Yuli Pancawati

Keyword(s):

Scleractinian Coral ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Field Sampling ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Coral Mucus ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The method used for field sampling is time swim, which is by diving at a depth of 5-10 meters for ± 30 minutes and randomly taking samples of coral mucus using siring or by taking directly on corals (reef branching). Mucus samples were analyzed by bacterial isolation in the laboratory. The result shows that there were differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the three research sites and that gram-positive bacteria were higher or dominant. Further research that can identify the bacteria species and explain its relationship to the ecosystem is highly recommended.Keywords: Bacteria, Scleractinian coral, gram-positive and -negative, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat AbstrakPenelitian tentang karang keras (Scleractinian coral) yang terkontaminasi bakteri masih belum banyak dilakukan, terutama di perairan Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel mucus karang pada tahun 2010 di 3 (tiga) lokasi berbeda, yakni Bunaken (Mei); Morotai (September) dan Raja Ampat (November), yang difokuskan pada analisis bakteri gram postif dan gram negatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel di lapangan adalah time swim, yaitu dengan penyelaman pada kedalaman 5-10 meter selama ±30 menit dan mengambil sampel mucus karang secara acak menggunakan siring atau dengan mengambil langsung pada karang (fraksi cabang). Sampel mucus dianalisis dengan cara isolasi bakteri di laboratorium. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara bakteri gram positif dan gram negative di tiga lokasi survei dan bakteri gram positif lebih tinggi atau dominan. Penelitian lebih lanjut yang dapat menentukan jenis bakteri serta menjelaskan hubungannya dengan ekosistem sangat disarankan untuk dilakukan.Kata Kunci : Bakteri, Scleractinian coral, gram positif dan negatif, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat

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N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Bioimaging Agents

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11070789 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 789

Author(s):

Shih-Fu Ou ◽

Ya-Yun Zheng ◽

Sin-Jen Lee ◽

Shyi-Tien Chen ◽

Chien-Hui Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Graphene Quantum Dots ◽

Carbon Quantum Dots ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Fluorescence Characteristics ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Graphene quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence characteristics, are advantageous for use in biological systems owing to their small size, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. We used the hydrothermal method to prepare functional N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from 1,3,6-trinitropyrene and analyzed their ability to fluorescently stain various bacteria. Our results showed that N-CQDs stain the cell septa and membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellaenteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The optimal concentration of N-CQDs was approximately 500 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria and 1000 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, and the exposure times varied with bacteria. N-Doped carbon quantum dots have better light stability and higher photobleaching resistance than the commercially available FM4-64. When excited at two different wavelengths, N-CQDs can emit light of both red and green wavelengths, making them ideal for bioimaging. They can also specifically stain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell membranes. We developed an inexpensive, relatively easy, and bio-friendly method to synthesize an N-CQD composite. Additionally, they can serve as a universal bacterial membrane-staining dye, with better photobleaching resistance than commercial dyes.

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Gram-positive bacteria cell wall-derived lipoteichoic acid induces inflammatory alveolar bone loss through prostaglandin E production in osteoblasts

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92744-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tsukasa Tominari ◽

Ayumi Sanada ◽

Ryota Ichimaru ◽

Chiho Matsumoto ◽

Michiko Hirata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Osteoclast Differentiation ◽

Lipoteichoic Acid ◽

Alveolar Bone Loss ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

AbstractPeriodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with severe alveolar bone loss and is dominantly induced by lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria; however, the role of Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal bone resorption remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell-wall factor of Gram-positive bacteria, on the progression of inflammatory alveolar bone loss in a model of periodontitis. In coculture of mouse primary osteoblasts and bone marrow cells, LTA induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LTA enhanced the production of PGE2 accompanying the upregulation of the mRNA expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts. The addition of indomethacin effectively blocked the LTA-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the production of PGE2. Using ex vivo organ cultures of mouse alveolar bone, we found that LTA induced alveolar bone resorption and that this was suppressed by indomethacin. In an experimental model of periodontitis, LTA was locally injected into the mouse lower gingiva, and we clearly detected alveolar bone destruction using 3D-μCT. We herein demonstrate a new concept indicating that Gram-positive bacteria in addition to Gram-negative bacteria are associated with the progression of periodontal bone loss.

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Enaminone-Derived Pyrazoles with Antimicrobial Activity

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2019/2467970 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Mashooq Ahmad Bhat ◽

Mohamed A. Al-Omar ◽

Ahmed M. Naglah ◽

Abdul Arif Khan

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Initial Screening ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Disc Diffusion Assay ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Assay

A series of pyrazoles derived from the substituted enaminones were synthesized and were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. All the compounds were characterized by the spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were initially screened for their antimicrobial activity against ATCC 6538, NCTC 10400, NCTC 10418, and ATCC 27853. During initial screening, compounds (P1, P6, and P11) presented significant antimicrobial activity through disc diffusion assay. These compounds were further evaluated for antimicrobial activity at different time points against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and presented significant activity for 6 hours. The activity was found to be greater against Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast at 24 hours, the activity was found only against Gram-positive bacteria except compound (P11), showing activity against both types of bacteria. Compound (P11) was found to have highest activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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