scholarly journals Pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
N. Jyothsna ◽  
A. Ramya ◽  
K. Abhilash ◽  
Bathsa Liza Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Acute Tonsillitis ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Significant Difference

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Our study was done to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of various strains of bacteria causing acute tonsillitis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> the study was a randomized cross sectional study. Patients matching the inclusion criteria were included. Duration of study was 6 months.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 120 cases, 46 cases showed no bacterial growth (NBG) and 74 cases showed bacterial growth. 42 cases were gram-negative bacterial strain and 32 cases were positive bacterial strain out of 72 bacterial grown cases. A list of 25 antibiotic drugs in gram-negative and 31 drugs in gram-positive strain, their sensitivity and resistance were taken and noted. Among gram-negative bacteria imipenem (71.4%) showed highest sensitivity. Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in ampicillin (85.71%). Least sensitivity is observed in clindamycin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid with 2.38%. Among gram-positive bacteria, highest sensitivity was noted in cefotaxime (75%). Highest antibiotic resistance was seen in cotrimoxazole (46.8%). Least sensitivity is observed in netilmicin, sulbactam with 3.12%.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The number of drugs resistant to the gram-positive bacteria are lesser than number of drugs sensitive, which showed significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Significant difference of antibiotic drugs was not found in gram-negative bacteria. Our study findings helped in appropriate and guarded use of the antibiotic drugs in acute tonsillitis, minimizing the exposure of individuals to antibiotic resistance by choosing an appropriate sensitive drug, therefore improving the quality of therapy.</p>

scholarly journals Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Uropathic Patients: Differences from Community-Acquired Ones and Therapeutic Protocol Considerations. A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Giovanni Parente ◽  
Tommaso Gargano ◽  
Stefania Pavia ◽  
Chiara Cordola ◽  
Marzia Vastano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Pyelonephritis (PN) represents an important cause of morbidity in the pediatric population, especially in uropathic patients. The aim of the study is to demonstrate differences between PNs of uropathic patients and PNs acquired in community in terms of uropathogens involved and antibiotic sensitivity; moreover, to identify a proper empiric therapeutic strategy. A retrospective study was conducted on antibiograms on urine cultures from PNs in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) patients admitted to pediatric surgery department and from PNs in not VUR patients admitted to Pediatric Emergency Unit between 2010 and 2020. We recorded 58 PNs in 33 patients affected by VUR and 112 PNs in the not VUR group. The mean age of not VUR patients at the PN episode was 1.3 ± 2.6 years (range: 20 days of life–3 years), and almost all the urine cultures, 111 (99.1%), isolated Gram-negative bacteria and rarely, 1 (0.9%), Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative uropathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (97%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), and Klebsiella spp. (1%). The only Gram-positive bacteria isolated was an Enterococcus faecalis. As regards the antibiograms, 96% of not VUR PNs responded to beta-lactams, 99% to aminoglycosides, and 80% to sulfonamides. For the VUR group, mean age was 3.0 years ± 3.0 years (range: 9 days of life–11 years) and mean number of episodes per patient was 2.0 ± 1.0 (range: 1–5); 83% of PNs were by Gram-negatives bacteria vs. 17% by Gram-positive: the most important Gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Escherichia coli (27%), and Klebsiella spp. (12%), while Enterococcus spp. determined 90% of Gram-positive UTIs. Regimen ampicillin/ceftazidime (success rate: 72.0%) was compared to ampicillin/amikacin (success rate of 83.0%): no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.09). The pathogens of PNs in uropathic patients are different from those of community-acquired PNs, and clinicians should be aware of their peculiar antibiotic susceptibility. An empiric therapy based on the association ampicillin + ceftazidime is therefore suggested.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern in intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Amit Bhatia ◽  
Juhi Kalra ◽  
Saurabh Kohli ◽  
Barnali Kakati ◽  
Reshma Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Background: Antimicrobials are a major class of drugs prescribed in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Widespread use of empirical antibiotic therapy has facilitated the emergence of drug resistance, since empirical therapy is very often initiated at the outset, even before culture and sensitivity reports are available. The problem of drug resistance is on a rise, therefore, this study was planned to assess the drug resistance and sensitivity patterns of the blood isolates recovered from ICU.Methods: An observational- prospective study was conducted in the Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of twelve months to assess antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern. A total of 104 consecutive patients receiving antibiotics in the ICU and having blood cultures with significant growth were included in the study. Blood sample was collected and after obtaining a culture growth, the identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done.Results: Blood stream infection by Gram-negative bacteria (50.96%) was more common than Gram-positive bacteria (49.04%). Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) was the predominant single blood culture isolate (35.58%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.46%), Escherichia coli (12.50%), Acinetobacter baumannii complex (7.69%) were commonly isolated gram negative organisms. Gram positive isolates were resistant to beta lactams in maximum patients whereas Tigecycline, Linezolid, Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin and Teicoplanin were sensitive against them. Common gram negative isolates were sensitive to Colistin and Tigecycline but resistant to most of the antibiotics.Conclusions: A preponderance of gram negative bacteria over gram positive bacteria was noted with a higher degree of resistance to most of the first line antimicrobial agents. 

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates retrieved from febrile neutropenic patients with hematological disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Prajapati ◽  
Bishesh Sharma Poudyal ◽  
Krishna Kumar Maharjan ◽  
Sunita Prajapati ◽  
Janak Raj Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Neutropenic Patients

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is nowadays becoming a threat in the treatment of immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study was to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from febrile neutropenic patients with hematological disorders so that it would help to select the empirical antibiotic for prompt effective treatment of the febrile neutropenic patients. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital of Nepal from October 2018 to November 2019. Blood was drawn aseptically in blood culture bottles. The bacteria were identified by standard microbiological methods with observation of colony morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests of bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) and Metallo Beta Lactamase (MBL) producers, and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were detected by phenotypic methods. Results Of the total 214 blood samples, 33.9% (71) yielded the bacterial growth. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 23.8% of total samples and Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 9.3% of the total samples. The Gram negative bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (7.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.7%), Citrobacter spp. (4.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.8%). The Gram-positive bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (5.6%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (2.3%) and Enterococcus spp. (1.4%). About 66.7% of the total Gram-negative bacteria isolated and 50% of the total Gram-positive bacteria were MDR (Multidrug-resistant). About 19.6% of the total Gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers and 19.6% of them were MBL producers. About 41.6% of Staphylococcus aureus isolated were MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). In our institution, piperacillin-tazobactam is the preferred first choice empirical antibiotic. But 58.8% of the Gram negative organisms were found to be resistant towards piperacillin-tazobactam. Hence there is a prompt necessity to switch to another antibiotic with high sensitivity for effective treatment of the febrile neutropenic patients in our institution. Conclusion Antibiotic surveillance data should be evaluated periodically to select the empirical therapeutic antibiotic for effective treatment of febrile neutropenic patients.

scholarly journals Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) Win Against Gram Positive Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in The Same Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Neisya Intan Cahyaningtyas Agung Putri ◽  
Ramadhani Ramadhani ◽  
Eddy Bagus Wasito
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Biodiversity of the microorganism in Indonesia lead to the large amount of patient with infection. Human can get infected in two different place, with different kind of bacteria that cause the infection. This may lead to bacteremia without knowing which bacteria type whose causing it, either the Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, whereas the treatment of this two types of bacteria are different. The aim of this study is to determine the doubling time of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria when they are grown in the same lesion and the kinds of bacteria that we need to eliminate first.Methods: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were used as samples in this study. Bacterial culture in nutrient broth with 0.5 OD turbidity were mixed then incubated in incubator with 35˚C. Every one hour within 24 hour, 0.01 ml of bacterial culture was taken in serial dilutionover time, varying between 106 – 1012, . It was then planted in nutrient agar plate with droplets technique. After it had been incubated for 24 hours, we counted the Colony Forming Unit per ml (CFU/ml) to time, then the doubling time of the bacteria. The result were then compared between the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli group.Results: Two tailed t-test result of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli was < 0,05 (p=0,000) wich means that there is significant difference of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus (24,35 ± 2,23 munites), and Escherichia coli (18,37 ± 0,50 minutes). When grown in the same media, Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) had slower doubling time than Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as much as 1.32 times.Conclusion: In bacteremia with two possible kinds of bacterial suspect, we need to eliminate the Gram negative bacteria first.

The effect of thyroxine and triiodothyronine on bacterial growth

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1401-1405
Author(s):  
Nachman Garber ◽  
Batia Lupowitz-Donenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Similar Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Free Iodine

The effects of L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine, and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine on the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were examined. The first two compounds, at a concentration of 7.7 × 10−5 M, were found to have a considerable inhibitory effect while 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine had a very weak effect on the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria examined. The growth of the Gram-negative bacteria was not inhibited under the same conditions.Potassium iodide, at the same concentration, was not inhibitory. Release of free iodine from the thyroxine preparation was also excluded as contributing to the thyroxine effect because it was shown to be less toxic than thyroxine for Bacillus cereus 569 and to exhibit a similar inhibitory effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria by L-thyroxine was reduced by cations such as Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ca2+. However, the hormones were more potent in their effect compared to EDTA in the same molar concentration and the inhibition exerted by them was not so easily abolished by the divalent cations as it was in the case of EDTA. Although chelation could contribute to the inhibition of the bacteria by the iodinated hormones, it seems that it is not the only factor involved.

scholarly journals Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram-Positive Bacteria

2003 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grohmann ◽  
Günther Muth ◽  
Manuel Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Plasmid Transfer ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

SUMMARY Conjugative transfer of bacterial plasmids is the most efficient way of horizontal gene spread, and it is therefore considered one of the major reasons for the increase in the number of bacteria exhibiting multiple-antibiotic resistance. Thus, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe problem in antibiotic treatment, especially of immunosuppressed patients and in intensive care units. While conjugation in gram-negative bacteria has been studied in great detail over the last decades, the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance plasmids in gram-positive bacteria remained obscure. In the last few years, the entire nucleotide sequences of several large conjugative plasmids from gram-positive bacteria have been determined. Sequence analyses and data bank comparisons of their putative transfer (tra) regions have revealed significant similarities to tra regions of plasmids from gram-negative bacteria with regard to the respective DNA relaxases and their targets, the origins of transfer (oriT), and putative nucleoside triphosphatases NTP-ases with homologies to type IV secretion systems. In contrast, a single gene encoding a septal DNA translocator protein is involved in plasmid transfer between micelle-forming streptomycetes. Based on these clues, we propose the existence of two fundamentally different plasmid-mediated conjugative mechanisms in gram-positive microorganisms, namely, the mechanism taking place in unicellular gram-positive bacteria, which is functionally similar to that in gram-negative bacteria, and a second type that occurs in multicellular gram-positive bacteria, which seems to be characterized by double-stranded DNA transfer.

Rapid demonstration of septic or infectious arthritis due to Gram-negative bacteria

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 686-687
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Paul R. Gross ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Infectious Arthritis ◽  
Bacterial Arthritis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Blood cultures are positive in approximately only 50 per cent of the patients with nongonococcal bacterial infectious arthritis and about 20 per cent of those with gonococcal arthritis. But the concept that gram-negative bacteria could be involved even in chronic arthritis is well-supported. Gram stains are more definitive in staphylococcal arthritis caused by gram-positive bacteria than in bacterial arthritis due to gram-negative bacteria. In the latter situation where gram-negative bacilli are the problem, Gram stains are helpful for 50% of the patients; they are only helpful for 25% of the patients, however, where gram-negative gonococci are the problem. In arthritis due to gram-positive Staphylococci. Gramstained smears are positive for 75% of the patients.

Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles prepared by Calcination method

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaf Ayad Kadhem ◽  
Miaad Hamzah Zghair ◽  
Sarah , Hussam H. Tizkam, Shoeb Alahmad Salih Mahdi ◽  
Hussam H. Tizkam ◽  
Shoeb Alahmad
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Agar Disc

magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were prepared by simple wet chemical method using different calcination temperatures. The prepared NPs were characterized by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It demonstrates sharp intensive peak with the increase of crystallinty and increase of the size with varying morphologies with respect to increase of calcination temperature. Antibacterial studies were done on gram negative bacteria (E.coli) and gram positive bacteria (S.aureus) by agar disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibitions were found larger for gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria, this mean, antibacterial MgO NPs activity more active on gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria because of the structural differences. It was found that antibacterial activity of MgO NPs was found it has directly proportional with their concentration.

BAKTERI PADA KARANG SCLERACTINIA DI KAWASAN PERAIRAN BUNAKEN, MOROTAI DAN RAJA AMPAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Eghbert Eghbert Elvan Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽  
Iis Iis Triyulianti ◽  
Nuryani Widagti ◽  
Suciadi Catur Nugroho ◽  
Yuli Pancawati
Keyword(s):  
Scleractinian Coral ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Hard Coral ◽  
Field Sampling ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Coral Mucus ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of Research on hard coral (Scleractinian coral) contaminated with bacteria is still not much done, especially in Indonesian waters. This study took samples of coral mucus in 2010 at 3 (three) different locations, namely Bunaken (May); Morotai (September) and Raja Ampat (November), which focused on the analysis of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The method used for field sampling is time swim, which is by diving at a depth of 5-10 meters for ± 30 minutes and randomly taking samples of coral mucus using siring or by taking directly on corals (reef branching). Mucus samples were analyzed by bacterial isolation in the laboratory. The result shows that there were differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the three research sites and that gram-positive bacteria were higher or dominant. Further research that can identify the bacteria species and explain its relationship to the ecosystem is highly recommended.Keywords: Bacteria, Scleractinian coral, gram-positive and -negative, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat  AbstrakPenelitian tentang karang keras (Scleractinian coral) yang terkontaminasi bakteri masih belum banyak dilakukan, terutama di perairan Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel mucus karang pada tahun 2010 di 3 (tiga) lokasi berbeda, yakni Bunaken (Mei); Morotai (September) dan Raja Ampat (November), yang difokuskan pada analisis bakteri gram postif dan gram negatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel di lapangan adalah time swim, yaitu dengan penyelaman pada kedalaman 5-10 meter selama ±30 menit dan mengambil sampel mucus karang secara acak menggunakan siring atau dengan mengambil langsung pada karang (fraksi cabang). Sampel mucus dianalisis dengan cara isolasi bakteri di laboratorium. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara bakteri gram positif dan gram negative di tiga lokasi survei dan bakteri gram positif lebih tinggi atau dominan. Penelitian lebih lanjut yang dapat menentukan jenis bakteri serta menjelaskan hubungannya dengan ekosistem sangat disarankan untuk dilakukan.Kata Kunci : Bakteri, Scleractinian coral, gram positif dan negatif, Bunaken, Morotai, Raja Ampat

scholarly journals N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Bioimaging Agents

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Shih-Fu Ou ◽  
Ya-Yun Zheng ◽  
Sin-Jen Lee ◽  
Shyi-Tien Chen ◽  
Chien-Hui Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Graphene Quantum Dots ◽  
Carbon Quantum Dots ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Graphene quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence characteristics, are advantageous for use in biological systems owing to their small size, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. We used the hydrothermal method to prepare functional N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from 1,3,6-trinitropyrene and analyzed their ability to fluorescently stain various bacteria. Our results showed that N-CQDs stain the cell septa and membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellaenteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The optimal concentration of N-CQDs was approximately 500 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria and 1000 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, and the exposure times varied with bacteria. N-Doped carbon quantum dots have better light stability and higher photobleaching resistance than the commercially available FM4-64. When excited at two different wavelengths, N-CQDs can emit light of both red and green wavelengths, making them ideal for bioimaging. They can also specifically stain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell membranes. We developed an inexpensive, relatively easy, and bio-friendly method to synthesize an N-CQD composite. Additionally, they can serve as a universal bacterial membrane-staining dye, with better photobleaching resistance than commercial dyes.

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