scholarly journals When Parents Go Shopping: Perspectives on Gender-Typed Toys among Polish Mothers and Fathers from Big Cities

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Kornelia Lipowska ◽  
Ariadna Beata Łada-Maśko
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The World ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Societal Expectations

Children learn to understand gender categories and roles typical for women and men from the earliest stages of their life. Toys, by which they are surrounded in everyday routine, may have a significant role in their knowledge of cultural norms and societal expectations, but also might have a great impact on children’s health in the context of psychosocial development. Parental attitudes can also be an important moderator of the choice of gender-stereotyped toys. The aim of the study was to investigate parents’ perspectives on toys’ appropriateness for children according to gender, and to analyze parents’ knowledge about the labeling of toys in shops. In total, 526 parents from big cities participated in the study; to assess parental knowledge and perspectives on toys’ categorization, The World of Toys questionnaire was used. The results indicated that most parents from big cities observe that toys are arranged according to the child’s age and sex and the toys’ functionality. Moreover, in parents’ opinion, the compliance with the role of a woman or man affects categorization the most. Furthermore, both parents tended to attribute toys to both sexes more often than they believe the stores do. To conclude, despite the still visible division of toys in shops, Polish parents from big cities are more liberal and egalitarian than shops are when it comes to the perception of toys’ appropriateness, allowing children to play with most toys regardless of their sex.

Cultural Perspectives on Parenting

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
Judi Mesman ◽  
Rosanneke A. G. Emmen
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
Majority Groups

This chapter focuses on cultural influences on parenting, examining patterns across countries, but also within countries in different ethnic groups. Whereas forms vary, two broad functions of parenting practices can be consistently identified across cultural contexts: establishing a relational bond providing safety and security in infancy (commonly referred to as attachment), and transmitting culturally appropriate behavior, knowledge, and skills throughout the childhood years. The chapter then looks at the role of culture in ethnic minority parenting, which has unique features that are different from those in ethnic majority groups. It concludes by reflecting on the state of the research field of culture and parenting, and directions for the future. Given the high cultural diversity in many urban regions in the world where professionals deal with families from all over the world, and the frequent “export” of parenting interventions from the West to other parts of the world, the field would benefit enormously from investing in mixed-methods studies examining these processes in situations where cultures meet, and where it is not immediately clear which cultural norms should prevail.

Longitudinal associations among routine disclosure, the parent–child relationship, and adolescents’ prosocial and delinquent behaviors

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1853-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Padilla-Walker ◽  
Daye Son
Keyword(s):  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Parental Warmth ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Delinquent Behaviors ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Child Disclosure ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Parental Autonomy ◽  
Parent Child

The purpose of this study was to explore whether routine child disclosure to parents was longitudinally related to adolescent prosocial and delinquent outcomes via the parent–child relationship (parental knowledge, parental autonomy granting, and parental warmth/support). The participants included 463 adolescents (48% male, 73% European American, 37% single parent families) and their mothers and fathers who completed questionnaires across three waves from early to late adolescence ( M age of adolescent at Time 1 = 13 years old, Time 3 = 17 years old). The results showed that routine child disclosure was longitudinally associated with prosocial behavior toward family via greater parental warmth. Child disclosure was negatively related to delinquency via parental knowledge. Implications regarding the role of child disclosure on the parent–child relationship and the development of adolescent behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Women as Drivers for a Sustainable and Social Inclusive Development in Mountain Regions – The Case of the Austrian Alps

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-821
Author(s):  
Theresia Oedl-Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Sustainable Livelihoods ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
The World

Abstract Women in mountain regions play an important role regarding the agricultural production and ensuring sustainable livelihoods. Furthermore, they are active in climate change adaption and preservation of biodiversity. Despite these important activities and performances the vital role of women for a sustainable and social inclusive development in mountain regions is often invisible and not appreciated enough in society. There still exists structural discrimination of women which is caused by patriarchal societies, social and cultural norms as well as difficult economic situations. Considering the need to foster the dynamic and sustainable development of mountain regions all over the world, it is of paramount importance to reflect and integrate women’s issues, problems and needs to a larger extent in research, public policy and in worldwide decision-making agendas.

Building on What They Bring

2014 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Anita Bright ◽  
Michael Ames Connor
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Mathematics Instruction ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The World ◽  
Culturally Responsive Teachers

As each child arrives in school with a series of family-provided and possibly previous-schooling-provided memories and experiences to draw from, culturally responsive teachers probe, learn about, and build upon these opportunities. With a focus on ways to best tailor instruction to capitalize upon the strengths each child brings to the classroom, this chapter explores some of the ways cultural norms around mathematics may shape a young child’s early mathematical experiences in a U.S.-based school setting. Additionally, this chapter includes a focus on the key role of families and ways culturally mediated beliefs about the role of the teacher and learner influence mathematics instruction. Further, this chapter touches upon several specific mathematical examples that differ around the world.

Transnational Diffusion and Regional Resistance: Domestic LGBT Association Founding, 1979–2009

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
World Society ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Regional Culture ◽  
International Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract In recent decades, scholars of world cultural diffusion have begun to examine the structure of the world society itself, finding evidence of regionalization within the network of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). There is little research, however, on how the structure of world society shapes processes of transnational diffusion. In this paper, I propose that the regionalization of world society, measured through INGO membership composition, structures the transnational diffusion of cultural norms like LGBT associations. Analyzing an original, comprehensive dataset of 3,141 domestic, voluntary LGBT associations founded between 1979 and 2009, I find that countries embedded in anti-LGBT regions are more resistant to the diffusion of domestic LGBT associations. I further find that the negative effect of embeddedness in anti-LGBT regions on domestic LGBT association founding is weakened by dependence on Western foreign aid. The findings highlight the importance of examining the composition of INGOs as well as attending to the role of regional culture in studies of transnational diffusion.

Individual Differences in Children's Response to Pain: Role of Temperament and Parental Characteristics

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Neil L. Schechter ◽  
Bruce A. Bernstein ◽  
Arne Beck ◽  
Lisa Hart ◽  
Lawrence Scherzer
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Style ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
High Distress ◽  
The Individual

Sixty-five families were enlisted in a study exploring factors associated with distress behavior in 5-year-old children receiving diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunizations. At a home visit 1 month before the immunization, the following measures were obtained: (1) the Behavioral Style Questionnaire, a measure of temperament; (2) parental self-reports of medically related attributes (eg, "good patient"); (3) parental attitudes toward pain in children and responsiveness to their child's pain; and (4) parental prediction of distress at upcoming immunization. The child's distress behavior during the immunization was evaluated using a modification of the Procedure Rating Scale-Revised and, after the procedure, the child's assessment of his or her pain was elicited using the Oucher. Children's mean Procedure Rating Scale-Revised score was 2.57 of a possible 11. Thirty-one (48%) had low (≤1) and 7 (11%) had high distress scores (≥2 SD above the mean). Factors positively correlated with distressed behavior included more "difficult child" cluster characteristics, the individual temperamental dimension of adaptability, but few parental attitudes and attributes. Parents' predictions of distress were the strongest correlates. These findings document the variation that children demonstrate in response to pain and offer some insight into associated innate and environmental factors. These results imply that treatment strategies derived from parental knowledge and tailored to individual characteristics of the child may be most effective in alleviating pain-related distress in medical settings.

The essence and causes of the spiritual and moral decline of mankind in the XX century

1998 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
V. Tolkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Social Force ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Religion

One of the most important reasons for such a clearly distressed state of society was the decline of religion as a social force, the external manifestation of which is the weakening of religious institutions. "Religion," Baha'u'llah writes, "is the greatest of all means of establishing order in the world to the universal satisfaction of those who live in it." The weakening of the foundations of religion strengthened the ranks of ignoramuses, gave them impudence and arrogance. "I truly say that everything that belittles the supreme role of religion opens way for the revelry of maliciousness, inevitably leading to anarchy. " In another Tablet, He says: "Religion is a radiant light and an impregnable fortress that ensures the safety and well-being of the peoples of the world, for God-fearing induces man to adhere to the good and to reject all evil." Blink the light of religion, and chaos and distemper will set in, the radiance of justice, justice, tranquility and peace. "

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

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