scholarly journals Cost-Effective Design of IoT-Based Smart Household Distribution System

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Musse Mohamud Ahmed ◽  
Md Ohirul Qays ◽  
Ahmed Abu-Siada ◽  
S. M. Muyeen ◽  
Md Liton Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Electrical Loads ◽  
Microprocessor Technology ◽  
And Control

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an indispensable role in present-day household electricity management. Nevertheless, practical development of cost-effective intelligent condition monitoring, protection, and control techniques for household distribution systems is still a challenging task. This paper is taking one step forward into a practical implementation of such techniques by developing an IoT Smart Household Distribution Board (ISHDB) to monitor and control various household smart appliances. The main function of the developed ISHDB is collecting and storing voltage, current, and power data and presenting them in a user-friendly way. The performance of the developed system is investigated under various residential electrical loads of different energy consumption profiles. In this regard, an Arduino-based working prototype is employed to gather the collected data into the ThingSpeak cloud through a Wi-Fi medium. Blynk mobile application is also implemented to facilitate real-time monitoring by individual consumers. Microprocessor technology is adopted to automate the process, and reduce hardware size and cost. Experimental results show that the developed system can be used effectively for real-time home energy management. It can also be used to detect any abnormal performance of the electrical appliances in real-time through monitoring their individual current and voltage waveforms. A comparison of the developed system and other existing techniques reveals the superiority of the proposed method in terms of the implementation cost and execution time.

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of an Energy Management System for a Home Microgrid with PV Generation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Elkazaz ◽  
Mark Sumner ◽  
Seksak Pholboon ◽  
Richard Davies ◽  
David Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Pv Generation ◽  
Sample Time

Home energy management systems (HEMS) are a key technology for managing future electricity distribution systems as they can shift household electricity usage away from peak consumption times and can reduce the amount of local generation penetrating into the wider distribution system. In doing this they can also provide significant cost savings to domestic electricity users. This paper studies a HEMS which minimizes the daily energy costs, reduces energy lost to the utility, and improves photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption by controlling a home battery storage system (HBSS). The study assesses factors such as the overnight charging level, forecasting uncertainty, control sample time and tariff policy. Two management strategies have been used to control the HBSS; (1) a HEMS based on a real-time controller (RTC) and (2) a HEMS based on a model predictive controller (MPC). Several methods have been developed for home demand energy forecasting and PV generation forecasting and their impact on the HEMS is assessed. The influence of changing the battery’s capacity and the PV system size on the energy costs and the lost energy are also evaluated. A significant reduction in energy costs and energy lost to the utility can be achieved by combining a suitable overnight charging level, an appropriate sample time, and an accurate forecasting tool. The HEMS has been implemented on an experimental house emulation system to demonstrate it can operate in real-time.

scholarly journals Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems with Efficient Placement and Control of Pressure Reducing Valves Using Soft Computing Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1528-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gupta ◽  
N. Bokde ◽  
D. Marathe ◽  
K. Kulat
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Leakage Reduction ◽  
Soft Computing Techniques ◽  
And Control

Reduction of leakages in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the major concerns of water industries. Leakages depend on pressure, hence installing pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in the water network is a successful techniques for reducing leakages. Determining the number of valves, their locations, and optimal control setting are the challenges faced. This paper presents a new algorithm-based rule for determining the location of valves in a WDS having a variable demand pattern, which results in more favorable optimization of PRV localization than that caused by previous techniques. A multiobjective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to determine the optimized control value of PRVs and to minimize the leakage rate in the WDS. Minimum required pressure was maintained at all nodes to avoid pressure deficiency at any node. Proposed methodology is applied in a benchmark WDS and after using PRVs, the average leakage rate was reduced by 6.05 l/s (20.64%), which is more favorable than the rate obtained with the existing techniques used for leakage control in the WDS. Compared with earlier studies, a lower number of PRVs was required for optimization, thus the proposed algorithm tends to provide a more cost-effective solution. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm leads to more favorable optimized localization and control of PRV with improved leakage reduction rate.

scholarly journals Comparison of Searching Behaviour of Three Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Water Distribution System Design Optimization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Bi ◽  
Yihui Xu ◽  
Hongyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Run Time

Over the past few decades, various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to the optimization design of water distribution systems (WDSs). An important research area is to compare the performance of these EAs, thereby offering guidance for the selection of the appropriate EAs for practical implementations. Such comparisons are mainly based on the final solution statistics and, hence, are unable to provide knowledge on how different EAs reach the final optimal solutions and why different EAs performed differently in identifying optimal solutions. To this end, this paper aims to compare the real-time searching behaviour of three widely used EAs, which are genetic algorithms (GAs), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the ant colony optimization (ACO). These three EAs are applied to five WDS benchmarking case studies with different scales and complexities, and a set of five metrics are used to measure their run-time searching quality and convergence properties. Results show that the run-time metrics can effectively reveal the underlying searching mechanisms associated with each EA, which significantly goes beyond the knowledge from the traditional end-of-run solution statistics. It is observed that the DE is able to identify better solutions if moderate and large computational budgets are allowed due to its great ability in maintaining the balance between the exploration and exploitation. However, if the computational resources are rather limited or the decision has to be made in a very short time (e.g., real-time WDS operation), the GA can be a good choice as it can always identify better solutions than the DE and ACO at the early searching stages. Based on the results, the ACO performs the worst for the five case study considered. The outcome of this study is the offer of guidance for the algorithm selection based on the available computation resources, as well as knowledge into the EA’s underlying searching behaviours.

An experimental study for chlorine residual and trihalomethane formation with rechlorination

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
D. Lee ◽  
J. Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Correction Coefficient ◽  
Empirical Power ◽  
Chlorine Residual ◽  
Chlorine Decay ◽  
And Control ◽  
Large Distribution

Maintenance of adequate chlorine residuals and control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) throughout water distribution systems is currently an important issue. In particular, rechlorination can be a powerful tool in controlling adequate chlorine residual in a large distribution system. The patterns of chlorine decay and formation of DBPs due to rechlorination are different from those of chlorination; chlorine decay is slower and trihalomethane (THM) formation is lower with rechlorination. The present study evaluates whether existing predictive models for chlorine residual and THM formation are applicable in the case of rechlorination. A parallel first-order decay model represents the best simulation results for chlorine decay, and an empirical power function model (modified Amy model) with an introduced correction coefficient (ϕ1, ϕ2) is more suitable to THM formation.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Model Predictive Control Approach for Joint Operational Scheduling and Hourly Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Esmaeili ◽  
Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam ◽  
Shahram Jadid ◽  
Josep Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Stochastic Model Predictive Control

Due to the recent developments in the practical implementation of remotely controlled switches (RCSs) in the smart distribution system infrastructure, distribution system operators face operational challenges in the hourly reconfigurable environment. This paper develops a stochastic Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework for operational scheduling of distribution systems with dynamic and adaptive hourly reconfiguration. The effect of coordinated integration of energy storage systems and demand response programs through hourly reconfiguration on the total costs (including cost of total loss, switching cost, cost of bilateral contract with power generation owners and responsive loads, and cost of exchanging power with the wholesale market) is investigated. A novel Switching Index (SI) based on the RCS ages and critical points in the network along with the maximum number of switching actions is introduced. Due to nonlinear nature of the problem and several existing binary variables, it is basically considered as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) problem, which is transformed into a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. The satisfactory performance of the proposed model is demonstrated through its application on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system.

scholarly journals E-Metering and Fault Detection in Smart Water Distribution Systems using Wireless Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 634-639
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Smart Water

Water distribution system is a network that supplies water to all the consumers through different means. Proper means of providing water to houses without compromising in quantity and quality is always a challenge. As it is a huge network keeping track of the utilization is difficult for the utility. Hence through this project we come up with a solution to solve this issue. Current technologies like Low Power Wide Area Networks, LoRa and sensor deployment techniques have been in research and were also tested in few rural areas but issues due to hardware deployment and large scale real time implementation was a challenge hence through this system we aim to create and simulate a real time scenario to test a sensor network model that could be implemented in large scale further. This project aims in building a wireless sensor network model for a smart water distribution system. In this system there is bidirectional communication between the consumer and the utility. Each house has a meter through which the amount of water consumed is sent to the utility board. The data has two fields containing the house ID and the data (water consumed); it is being sent to the data collection unit (DCU) which in-turn sends it to the central server so that the consumption is monitored in real time. All this is simulated using NETSIM and MATLAB

scholarly journals Application of DC-AC Hybrid Grid and Solar Photovoltaic Generation with Battery Storage Using Smart Grid

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoaib Rauf ◽  
Nasrullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Effective Manner

Smart grid for the past few years has been the prime focus of research in power systems. The aim is to eliminate load shedding and problematic blackout conditions, further offering cheap and continuous supply of electricity for both large and small consumers. Another benefit is to integrate renewable energy resources with existing dump grid in more efficient and cost-effective manner. In past few years, growing demand for sustainable energy increases the consumption of solar PV. Since generation from solar PV is in DC and most of the appliances at home could be operated on DC, AC-DC hybrid distribution system with energy management system is proposed in this paper. EMS helps to shift or control the auxiliary load and compel the users to operate specific load at certain time slots. These techniques further help to manage the excessive load during peak and off peak hours. It demonstrates the practical implementation of DC-AC network with integration of solar PV and battery storage with existing infrastructure. The results show a remarkable improvement using hybrid AC-DC framework in terms of reliability and efficiency. All this functioning together enhances the overall efficiency; hence, a secure, economical, reliable, and intelligent system leads to a smart grid.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis for Replacement of 11kV overhead Koteshwor Feeder by Underground Distribution System

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Sah ◽  
Laxman Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Reliability Indices ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Present Worth

Cost effective, Aesthetic and Reliable energy supply is the need of any mankind. In this study, economic analysis for replacement of 11 kV overhead distribution feeder by 11kV underground cable is done with reference to Koteshwor Feeder under Baneshwor Distribution and Consumers Service. The reliability indices like SAIDI, SAIFI, ENS etc. is performed by using DigSilentPowerFactory software. The reliability of overhead distribution system is evaluated by using real system data system and similarly, historical IEEE standard data is used for underground distribution system. The reliability indices are compared for both distribution systems. Result shows that interruption in the overhead system is more than underground distribution system, the energy not supplied to the customer by overhead distribution system is also more than underground distribution system. The replacement cost estimation is performed by using Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) unit rate and KEI industries quoted price for NEA underground project. The B/C ratio and Present Worth value for the 25-year period of useful life shows that the replacement of the existing overhead distribution system by underground distribution system is financial suitable and can be payback by revenue save from the Energy Not Supply (ENS) lower value of underground distribution system than overhead distribution system. In order to get the continuous of supply, esthetic and public safety in electricity distribution field one may have to bear initially extra cost to use underground distribution systems which finally get payback. Thus, in case of densely populated city like Kathmandu, underground distribution system is reasonable requirement for continuous supply, esthetic and public safety in electricity distribution filed.

scholarly journals Real-Time Economic Frequency Regulation for Partitioned Microgrids Based on Cost-Driven Droop Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Hu ◽  
Siqi Bu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Economic Operation ◽  
Proposed Regulation ◽  
And Control

With the increase of the number and geographic dispersion of distributed energy resources (DERs), the microgrid (MG) has become scattered along with the higher complexity of control and communication. This paper proposes a two-level regulation strategy to achieve the local objective of frequency regulation and power sharing as well as the global objective of economic operation in the real time for the scattered MG. Firstly, the MG integrated with multiple DERs is partitioned into several<i> </i>nanogrids (NGs) such that DERs connecting on the same feeder are grouped in the same NG for the efficient and cost-effective communication and control. Then<i> </i>in the NG level, the total power mismatch of the entire MG can be learned and an optimal incremental cost can be agreed by each NG through the fastest distributed linear averaging (FDLA) and discrete-consensus algorithm, respectively. In the DER level, a cost-driven droop gain is developed to indicate the willingness of each DER in the NG to participate into the frequency regulation service. The pinning-based protocol is formulated to regulate the frequency and meanwhile enable the proportional power sharing among DERs based on the economic droop function. Case studies satisfactorily demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed regulation strategy for the economic frequency regulation in the tested MG.

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