Commitment of Oral-Derived Stem Cells in Dental and Maxillofacial Applications

Tissue engineering is based on the interaction between stem cells, biomaterials and factors delivered in biological niches. Oral tissues have been found to be rich in stem cells from different sources: Stem cells from oral cavity are easily harvestable and have shown a great plasticity towards the main lineages, specifically towards bone tissues. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are the most investigated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental tissues, however, the oral cavity hosts several other stem cell lineages that have also been reported to be a good alternative in bone tissue engineering. In particular, the newly discovered population of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human periapical inflamed cysts (hPCy-MSCs) have showed very promising properties, including high plasticity toward bone, vascular and neural phenotypes. In this topical review, the authors described the main oral-derived stem cell populations, their most interesting characteristics and their ability towards osteogenic lineage. This review has also investigated the main clinical procedures, reported in the recent literature, involving oral derived-MSCs and biomaterials to get better bone regeneration in dental procedures. The numerous populations of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from oral tissues (DPSCs, SHEDs, PDLSCs, DFSCs, SCAPs, hPCy-MSCs) retain proliferation ability and multipotency; these features are exploited for clinical purposes, including regeneration of injured tissues and local immunomodulation; we reported on the last studies on the proper use of such MSCs within a biological niche and the proper way to storage them for future clinical use.

Download Full-text

Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental tissues: perspectives for tissue regeneration

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402011000200001 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Carlos Estrela ◽

Ana Helena Gonçalves de Alencar ◽

Gregory Thomas Kitten ◽

Eneida Franco Vencio ◽

Elisandra Gava

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Stem Cell Research ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

New Findings ◽

Dental Stem Cell

In recent years, stem cell research has grown exponentially owing to the recognition that stem cell-based therapies have the potential to improve the life of patients with conditions that range from Alzheimer’s disease to cardiac ischemia and regenerative medicine, like bone or tooth loss. Based on their ability to rescue and/or repair injured tissue and partially restore organ function, multiple types of stem/progenitor cells have been speculated. Growing evidence demonstrates that stem cells are primarily found in niches and that certain tissues contain more stem cells than others. Among these tissues, the dental tissues are considered a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. It is known that these stem cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including odontoblasts, neural progenitors, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In dentistry, stem cell biology and tissue engineering are of great interest since may provide an innovative for generation of clinical material and/or tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental papilla, and dental follicle. These stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions, and are potential cells for use in tissue engineering, including, dental tissue, nerves and bone regeneration. More recently, another source of stem cell has been successfully generated from human somatic cells into a pluripotent stage, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), allowing creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. Collectively, the multipotency, high proliferation rates, and accessibility make the dental stem cell an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration. This review describes new findings in the field of dental stem cell research and on their potential use in the tissue regeneration.

Download Full-text

Hard Dental Tissues Regeneration—Approaches and Challenges

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14102558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2558

Author(s):

Mihaela Olaru ◽

Liliana Sachelarie ◽

Gabriela Calin

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Present Review ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Tissue Engineering Approach ◽

Hard Dental Tissues ◽

Review Reports

With the development of the modern concept of tissue engineering approach and the discovery of the potential of stem cells in dentistry, the regeneration of hard dental tissues has become a reality and a priority of modern dentistry. The present review reports the recent advances on stem-cell based regeneration strategies for hard dental tissues and analyze the feasibility of stem cells and of growth factors in scaffolds-based or scaffold-free approaches in inducing the regeneration of either the whole tooth or only of its component structures.

Download Full-text

Magnetic field assisted stem cell differentiation – role of substrate magnetization in osteogenesis

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c5tb00118h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (16) ◽

pp. 3150-3168 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Sunil Kumar Boda ◽

Greeshma Thrivikraman ◽

Bikramjit Basu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation

Substrate magnetization as a tool for modulating the osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering applications.

Download Full-text

Bioengineered Teeth from Cultured Rat Tooth Bud Cells

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910408300703 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 523-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 259

Author(s):

M.T. Duailibi ◽

S.E. Duailibi ◽

C.S. Young ◽

J.D. Bartlett ◽

J.P. Vacanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Biodegradable Scaffolds ◽

Bioengineered Tooth ◽

Tooth Tissue

The recent bioengineering of complex tooth structures from pig tooth bud tissues suggests the potential for the regeneration of mammalian dental tissues. We have improved tooth bioengineering methods by comparing the utility of cultured rat tooth bud cells obtained from three- to seven-day post-natal (dpn) rats for tooth-tissue-engineering applications. Cell-seeded biodegradable scaffolds were grown in the omenta of adult rat hosts for 12 wks, then harvested. Analyses of 12-week implant tissues demonstrated that dissociated 4-dpn rat tooth bud cells seeded for 1 hr onto PGA or PLGA scaffolds generated bioengineered tooth tissues most reliably. We conclude that tooth-tissue-engineering methods can be used to generate both pig and rat tooth tissues. Furthermore, our ability to bioengineer tooth structures from cultured tooth bud cells suggests that dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells can be maintained in vitro for at least 6 days.

Download Full-text

Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2019/9671206 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Haojiang Li ◽

Shi Shen ◽

Haitao Fu ◽

Zhenyong Wang ◽

Xu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Tissue Damage ◽

Material Selection ◽

Immune Microenvironment ◽

Chronic Injury ◽

Research Fields

The inflammatory response to chronic injury affects tissue regeneration and has become an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients. In previous stem cell treatments, it was revealed that stem cells not only have the ability for direct differentiation or regeneration in chronic tissue damage but also have a regulatory effect on the immune microenvironment. Stem cells can regulate the immune microenvironment during tissue repair and provide a good “soil” for tissue regeneration. In the current study, the regulation of immune cells by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the local tissue microenvironment and the tissue damage repair mechanisms are revealed. The application of the concepts of “seed” and “soil” has opened up new research avenues for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE) technology has been used in multiple tissues and organs using its biomimetic and cellular cell abilities, and scaffolds are now seen as an important part of building seed cell microenvironments. The effect of tissue engineering techniques on stem cell immune regulation is related to the shape and structure of the scaffold, the preinflammatory microenvironment constructed by the implanted scaffold, and the material selection of the scaffold. In the application of scaffold, stem cell technology has important applications in cartilage, bone, heart, and liver and other research fields. In this review, we separately explore the mechanism of MSCs in different tissue and organs through immunoregulation for tissue regeneration and MSC combined with 3D scaffolds to promote MSC immunoregulation to repair damaged tissues.

Download Full-text

Prospect of Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/6180487 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Azizeh-Mitra Yousefi ◽

Paul F. James ◽

Rosa Akbarzadeh ◽

Aswati Subramanian ◽

Conor Flavin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Cell Types ◽

3D Scaffold ◽

Stem Cell Source ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the subject of many studies in recent years, ranging from basic science that looks into MSCs properties to studies that aim for developing bioengineered tissues and organs. Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been the focus of most studies due to the inherent potential of these cells to differentiate into various cell types. Although, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of cellular differentiation. These cells are another attractive stem cell source because of their ability to be reprogramed, allowing the generation of multiple cell types from a single cell. This paper briefly covers various types of stem cell sources that have been used for tissue engineering applications, with a focus on bone regeneration. Then, an overview of some recent studies making use of MSC-seeded 3D scaffold systems for bone tissue engineering has been presented. The emphasis has been placed on the reported scaffold properties that tend to improve MSCs adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation outcomes.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on IGF Axis and Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration of the Periodontium

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering8120202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Nancy M. S. Hussein ◽

Josie L. Meade ◽

Hemant Pandit ◽

Elena Jones ◽

Reem El-Gendy

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Periodontal Tissue ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Periodontal Tissues

Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two of the most common and challenging health problems worldwide and they affect each other mutually and adversely. Current periodontal therapies have unpredictable outcome in diabetic patients. Periodontal tissue engineering is a challenging but promising approach that aims at restoring periodontal tissues using one or all of the following: stem cells, signalling molecules and scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) represent ideal examples of stem cells and signalling molecules. This review outlines the most recent updates in characterizing MSCs isolated from diabetics to fully understand why diabetics are more prone to periodontitis that theoretically reflect the impaired regenerative capabilities of their native stem cells. This characterisation is of utmost importance to enhance autologous stem cells based tissue regeneration in diabetic patients using both MSCs and members of IGF axis.

Download Full-text

TGF-β Inhibitor SB431542 Promotes the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells into Mesenchymal-Like Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2018/7878201 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alessander Leyendecker Junior

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Stem Cell Markers ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Due to their potential for tissue engineering applications and ability to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been explored as a promising option for the treatment of chronic diseases and injuries. However, there are problems associated with the use of this type of cell that limit their applications. Several studies have been exploring the possibility to produce mesenchymal stem cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). The aim of these studies is to generate MSCs with advantageous characteristics of both PSCs and MSCs. However, there are still some questions concerning the characteristics of MSCs derived from the differentiation of PSCs that must be answered before they can be used to treat diseases and injuries. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine if PSCs exposed to SB431542, a TGF-β inhibitor, are able to differentiate to MSCs, judging by morphology, expression of mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell markers, expression of pluripotency-related genes, and ability to differentiate to osteocytes and adipocytes. The results obtained demonstrated that it is possible to induce the differentiation of both embryonic stem cells and induce pluripotent stem cells into cells with characteristics that highly resemble those from MSCs through the inhibition of the TGF-β pathway.

Download Full-text

Repair of Osteochondral Defects Using Human Umbilical Cord Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Model

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/8760383 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shuyun Liu ◽

Yanhui Jia ◽

Mei Yuan ◽

Weimin Guo ◽

Jingxiang Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Wharton’S Jelly ◽

Cartilage Defects ◽

Human Umbilical Cord ◽

Wharton's Jelly

Umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell (WJMSC) is a new-found mesenchymal stem cell in recent years with multiple lineage potential. Due to its abundant resources, no damage procurement, and lower immunogenicity than other adult MSCs, WJMSC promises to be a good xenogenous cell candidate for tissue engineering. This in vivo pilot study explored the use of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) containing a tissue engineering construct xenotransplant in rabbits to repair full-thickness cartilage defects in the femoral patellar groove. We observed orderly spatial-temporal remodeling of hWJMSCs into cartilage tissues during repair over 16 months, with characteristic architectural features, including a hyaline-like neocartilage layer with good surface regularity, complete integration with adjacent host cartilage, and regenerated subchondral bone. No immune rejection was detected when xenograft hWJMSCs were implanted into rabbit cartilage defects. The repair results using hWJMSCs were superior to those of chondrogenically induced hWJMSCs after assessing gross appearance and histological grading scores. These preliminary results suggest that using novel undifferentiated hWJMSCs as seed cells might be a better approach than using transforming growth factor-β-induced differentiated hWJMSCs for in vivo tissue engineering treatment of cartilage defects. hWJMSC allografts may be promising for clinical applications.

Download Full-text

Therapeutic potential of dental stem cells

Journal of Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1177/2041731417702531 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 204173141770253 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Elna Paul Chalisserry ◽

Seung Yun Nam ◽

Sang Hyug Park ◽

Sukumaran Anil

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Developmental Process ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

High Plasticity ◽

Dental Stem Cells ◽

Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells ◽

Dental Tissues

Stem cell biology has become an important field in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering therapy since the discovery and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cell populations have also been isolated from human dental tissues, including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, dental follicle progenitor cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Dental stem cells are relatively easily obtainable and exhibit high plasticity and multipotential capabilities. The dental stem cells represent a gold standard for neural-crest-derived bone reconstruction in humans and can be used for the repair of body defects in low-risk autologous therapeutic strategies. The bioengineering technologies developed for tooth regeneration will make substantial contributions to understand the developmental process and will encourage future organ replacement by regenerative therapies in a wide variety of organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. The concept of developing tooth banking and preservation of dental stem cells is promising. Further research in the area has the potential to herald a new dawn in effective treatment of notoriously difficult diseases which could prove highly beneficial to mankind in the long run.

Download Full-text