Mesenchymal stem cells in the dental tissues: perspectives for tissue regeneration

In recent years, stem cell research has grown exponentially owing to the recognition that stem cell-based therapies have the potential to improve the life of patients with conditions that range from Alzheimer’s disease to cardiac ischemia and regenerative medicine, like bone or tooth loss. Based on their ability to rescue and/or repair injured tissue and partially restore organ function, multiple types of stem/progenitor cells have been speculated. Growing evidence demonstrates that stem cells are primarily found in niches and that certain tissues contain more stem cells than others. Among these tissues, the dental tissues are considered a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. It is known that these stem cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including odontoblasts, neural progenitors, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In dentistry, stem cell biology and tissue engineering are of great interest since may provide an innovative for generation of clinical material and/or tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental papilla, and dental follicle. These stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions, and are potential cells for use in tissue engineering, including, dental tissue, nerves and bone regeneration. More recently, another source of stem cell has been successfully generated from human somatic cells into a pluripotent stage, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), allowing creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. Collectively, the multipotency, high proliferation rates, and accessibility make the dental stem cell an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration. This review describes new findings in the field of dental stem cell research and on their potential use in the tissue regeneration.

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Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2019/9671206 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Haojiang Li ◽

Shi Shen ◽

Haitao Fu ◽

Zhenyong Wang ◽

Xu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Tissue Damage ◽

Material Selection ◽

Immune Microenvironment ◽

Chronic Injury ◽

Research Fields

The inflammatory response to chronic injury affects tissue regeneration and has become an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients. In previous stem cell treatments, it was revealed that stem cells not only have the ability for direct differentiation or regeneration in chronic tissue damage but also have a regulatory effect on the immune microenvironment. Stem cells can regulate the immune microenvironment during tissue repair and provide a good “soil” for tissue regeneration. In the current study, the regulation of immune cells by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the local tissue microenvironment and the tissue damage repair mechanisms are revealed. The application of the concepts of “seed” and “soil” has opened up new research avenues for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE) technology has been used in multiple tissues and organs using its biomimetic and cellular cell abilities, and scaffolds are now seen as an important part of building seed cell microenvironments. The effect of tissue engineering techniques on stem cell immune regulation is related to the shape and structure of the scaffold, the preinflammatory microenvironment constructed by the implanted scaffold, and the material selection of the scaffold. In the application of scaffold, stem cell technology has important applications in cartilage, bone, heart, and liver and other research fields. In this review, we separately explore the mechanism of MSCs in different tissue and organs through immunoregulation for tissue regeneration and MSC combined with 3D scaffolds to promote MSC immunoregulation to repair damaged tissues.

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The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on IGF Axis and Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration of the Periodontium

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering8120202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Nancy M. S. Hussein ◽

Josie L. Meade ◽

Hemant Pandit ◽

Elena Jones ◽

Reem El-Gendy

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Periodontal Tissue ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Periodontal Tissues

Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two of the most common and challenging health problems worldwide and they affect each other mutually and adversely. Current periodontal therapies have unpredictable outcome in diabetic patients. Periodontal tissue engineering is a challenging but promising approach that aims at restoring periodontal tissues using one or all of the following: stem cells, signalling molecules and scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) represent ideal examples of stem cells and signalling molecules. This review outlines the most recent updates in characterizing MSCs isolated from diabetics to fully understand why diabetics are more prone to periodontitis that theoretically reflect the impaired regenerative capabilities of their native stem cells. This characterisation is of utmost importance to enhance autologous stem cells based tissue regeneration in diabetic patients using both MSCs and members of IGF axis.

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Commitment of Oral-Derived Stem Cells in Dental and Maxillofacial Applications

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj6040072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 72 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Gianrico Spagnuolo ◽

Bruna Codispoti ◽

Massimo Marrelli ◽

Carlo Rengo ◽

Sandro Rengo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Good Alternative ◽

High Plasticity ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Clinical Procedures ◽

Dental Procedures

Tissue engineering is based on the interaction between stem cells, biomaterials and factors delivered in biological niches. Oral tissues have been found to be rich in stem cells from different sources: Stem cells from oral cavity are easily harvestable and have shown a great plasticity towards the main lineages, specifically towards bone tissues. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are the most investigated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental tissues, however, the oral cavity hosts several other stem cell lineages that have also been reported to be a good alternative in bone tissue engineering. In particular, the newly discovered population of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human periapical inflamed cysts (hPCy-MSCs) have showed very promising properties, including high plasticity toward bone, vascular and neural phenotypes. In this topical review, the authors described the main oral-derived stem cell populations, their most interesting characteristics and their ability towards osteogenic lineage. This review has also investigated the main clinical procedures, reported in the recent literature, involving oral derived-MSCs and biomaterials to get better bone regeneration in dental procedures. The numerous populations of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from oral tissues (DPSCs, SHEDs, PDLSCs, DFSCs, SCAPs, hPCy-MSCs) retain proliferation ability and multipotency; these features are exploited for clinical purposes, including regeneration of injured tissues and local immunomodulation; we reported on the last studies on the proper use of such MSCs within a biological niche and the proper way to storage them for future clinical use.

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Stem Cell Therapy: A Review

International Healthcare Research Journal ◽

10.26440/ihrj/02_01/155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5

Author(s):

Mridha Sharma ◽

Kirandeep Kaur

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Science Fiction ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Stem Cell Biology ◽

Bone Reconstruction ◽

Important Field

The human body is an intricate system consisting of numerous cells and tissues working in an organized fashion for the sustenance of life and stem cell biology become an important field for the understanding of tissue regeneration and implementation of regenerative medicine. Stem cells have capability of replicating themselves and can be readily available at the time of a planned procedure. Furthermore, it’s been shown that these cells have high potential to serve as resources not for medical therapies and tissue engineering, but also for dental or bone reconstruction. Stem cell research is not merely a science fiction but has rather opened the door for future treatment modalities.

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Hard Dental Tissues Regeneration—Approaches and Challenges

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14102558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2558

Author(s):

Mihaela Olaru ◽

Liliana Sachelarie ◽

Gabriela Calin

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Present Review ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Tissue Engineering Approach ◽

Hard Dental Tissues ◽

Review Reports

With the development of the modern concept of tissue engineering approach and the discovery of the potential of stem cells in dentistry, the regeneration of hard dental tissues has become a reality and a priority of modern dentistry. The present review reports the recent advances on stem-cell based regeneration strategies for hard dental tissues and analyze the feasibility of stem cells and of growth factors in scaffolds-based or scaffold-free approaches in inducing the regeneration of either the whole tooth or only of its component structures.

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Magnetic field assisted stem cell differentiation – role of substrate magnetization in osteogenesis

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c5tb00118h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (16) ◽

pp. 3150-3168 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Sunil Kumar Boda ◽

Greeshma Thrivikraman ◽

Bikramjit Basu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation

Substrate magnetization as a tool for modulating the osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering applications.

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Potential Use of Stem Cells for Kidney Regeneration

International Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.4061/2011/591731 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Takashi Yokoo ◽

Kei Matsumoto ◽

Shinya Yokote

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Stem Cell Research ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Kidney Regeneration ◽

Major Step ◽

Kidney Dialysis ◽

Organ Regeneration ◽

Renal Stem Cell

Significant advances have been made in stem cell research over the past decade. A number of nonhematopoietic sources of stem cells (or progenitor cells) have been identified, including endothelial stem cells and neural stem cells. These discoveries have been a major step toward the use of stem cells for potential clinical applications of organ regeneration. Accordingly, kidney regeneration is currently gaining considerable attention to replace kidney dialysis as the ultimate therapeutic strategy for renal failure. However, due to anatomic complications, the kidney is believed to be the hardest organ to regenerate; it is virtually impossible to imagine such a complicated organ being completely rebuilt from pluripotent stem cells by gene or chemical manipulation. Nevertheless, several groups are taking on this big challenge. In this manuscript, current advances in renal stem cell research are reviewed and their usefulness for kidney regeneration discussed. We also reviewed the current knowledge of the emerging field of renal stem cell biology.

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Bioengineered Teeth from Cultured Rat Tooth Bud Cells

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910408300703 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 523-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 259

Author(s):

M.T. Duailibi ◽

S.E. Duailibi ◽

C.S. Young ◽

J.D. Bartlett ◽

J.P. Vacanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Biodegradable Scaffolds ◽

Bioengineered Tooth ◽

Tooth Tissue

The recent bioengineering of complex tooth structures from pig tooth bud tissues suggests the potential for the regeneration of mammalian dental tissues. We have improved tooth bioengineering methods by comparing the utility of cultured rat tooth bud cells obtained from three- to seven-day post-natal (dpn) rats for tooth-tissue-engineering applications. Cell-seeded biodegradable scaffolds were grown in the omenta of adult rat hosts for 12 wks, then harvested. Analyses of 12-week implant tissues demonstrated that dissociated 4-dpn rat tooth bud cells seeded for 1 hr onto PGA or PLGA scaffolds generated bioengineered tooth tissues most reliably. We conclude that tooth-tissue-engineering methods can be used to generate both pig and rat tooth tissues. Furthermore, our ability to bioengineer tooth structures from cultured tooth bud cells suggests that dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells can be maintained in vitro for at least 6 days.

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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha as a Marker of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Development and Stem Cell Biology

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2015/362753 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ramin M. Farahani ◽

Munira Xaymardan

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Stem Cell Marker ◽

Factor Receptor Alpha ◽

Lines Of Evidence

Three decades on, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been intensively researched on the bench top and used clinically. However, ambiguity still exists in regard to their anatomical locations, identities, functions, and extent of their differentiative abilities. One of the major impediments in the quest of the MSC research has been lack of appropriatein vivomarkers. In recent years, this obstacle has been resolved to some degree as PDGFRαemerges as an important mesenchymal stem cell marker. Accumulating lines of evidence are showing that the PDGFRα+cells reside in the perivascular locations of many adult interstitium and fulfil the classic concepts of MSCsin vitroandin vivo. PDGFRαhas long been recognised for its roles in the mesoderm formation and connective tissue development during the embryogenesis. Current review describes the lines of evidence regarding the role of PDGFRαin morphogenesis and differentiation and its implications for MSC biology.

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