scholarly journals Entropy as a Measure of Attractiveness and Socioeconomic Complexity in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Lenormand ◽  
Horacio Samaniego ◽  
Júlio César Chaves ◽  
Vinícius da Fonseca Vieira ◽  
Moacyr Alvim Horta Barbosa da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Spatial Inequalities

Defining and measuring spatial inequalities across the urban environment remains a complex and elusive task which has been facilitated by the increasing availability of large geolocated databases. In this study, we rely on a mobile phone dataset and an entropy-based metric to measure the attractiveness of a location in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (Brazil) as the diversity of visitors’ location of residence. The results show that the attractiveness of a given location measured by entropy is an important descriptor of the socioeconomic status of the location, and can thus be used as a proxy for complex socioeconomic indicators.

scholarly journals National movement patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand: the unexplored role of neighbourhood deprivation

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-216108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Campbell ◽  
Lukas Marek ◽  
Jesse Wiki ◽  
Matthew Hobbs ◽  
Clive E Sabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has asked unprecedented questions of governments around the world. Policy responses have disrupted usual patterns of movement in society, locally and globally, with resultant impacts on national economies and human well-being. These interventions have primarily centred on enforcing lockdowns and introducing social distancing recommendations, leading to questions of trust and competency around the role of institutions and the administrative apparatus of state. This study demonstrates the unequal societal impacts in population movement during a national ‘lockdown’.MethodsWe use nationwide mobile phone movement data to quantify the effect of an enforced lockdown on population mobility by neighbourhood deprivation using an ecological study design. We then derive a mobility index using anonymised aggregated population counts for each neighbourhood (2253 Census Statistical Areas; mean population n=2086) of national hourly mobile phone location data (7.45 million records, 1 March 2020–20 July 2020) for New Zealand (NZ).ResultsCurtailing movement has highlighted and exacerbated underlying social and spatial inequalities. Our analysis reveals the unequal movements during ‘lockdown’ by neighbourhood socioeconomic status in NZ.ConclusionIn understanding inequalities in neighbourhood movements, we are contributing critical new evidence to the policy debate about the impact(s) and efficacy of national, regional or local lockdowns which have sparked such controversy.

scholarly journals The smart grid as a security device: Electricity infrastructure and urban governance in Kingston and Rio de Janeiro

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802098571
Author(s):  
Francesca Pilo’
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Technical Failure ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Urban Security ◽  
Security Device

This article aims to contribute to recent debates on the politics of smart grids by exploring their installation in low-income areas in Kingston (Jamaica) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). To date, much of this debate has focused on forms of smart city experiments, mostly in the Global North, while less attention has been given to the implementation of smart grids in cities characterised by high levels of urban insecurity and socio-spatial inequality. This article illustrates how, in both contexts, the installation of smart metering is used as a security device that embeds the promise of protecting infrastructure and revenue and navigating complex relations framed along lines of socio-economic inequalities and urban sovereignty – here linked to configurations of state and non-state (criminal) territorial control and power. By unpacking the political workings of the smart grid within changing urban security contexts, including not only the rationalities that support its use but also the forms of resistance, contestation and socio-technical failure that emerge, the article argues for the importance of examining the conjunction between urban and infrastructural governance, including the reshaping of local power relations and spatial inequalities, through globally circulating devices.

scholarly journals Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique Moreas Pereira ◽  
David Banister ◽  
Tim Schwanen ◽  
Nate Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The City

The evaluation of the social impacts of transport policies is attracting growing attention in recent years. Yet, this literature is still predominately focused on developed countries. The goal of this research is to investigate how investments in public transport networks can reshape social and geographical inequalities in access to opportunities in a developing country, using the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) as a case study. Recent mega-events, including the 2014 Football World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, have triggered substantial investment in the city’s transport system. More recently, though, bus services in Rio have been rationalized and reduced as a response to a fiscal crisis and a drop in passenger demand, giving a unique opportunity to look at the distributional effects this cycle of investment and disinvestment have had on peoples’ access to educational and employment opportunities. Based on a before-and-after comparison of Rio’s public transport network, this study uses a spatial regression model and cluster analysis to estimate how accessibility gains vary across different income groups and areas of the city between April 2014 and March 2017. The results show that recent cuts in service levels have offset the potential benefits of newly added public transport infrastructure in Rio. Average access by public transport to jobs and public high-schools decreased approximately 4% and 6% in the period, respectively. Nonetheless, wealthier areas had on average small but statistically significant higher gains in access to schools and job opportunities than poorer areas. These findings suggest that, contrary to the official discourses of transport legacy, recent transport policies in Rio have exacerbated rather than reduced socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities. These results also suggest that future research should consider how the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) can influence the equity assessment of transport projects.

scholarly journals Measuring Equity through Spatial Variability of Infrastructure Systems across the Urban-Rural Gradient

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1202
Author(s):  
Shrobona Karkun Sen ◽  
Hamil Pearsall ◽  
Victor Hugo Gutierrez-Velez ◽  
Melissa R. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Urban Rural

Recent regional research has taken an ‘infrastructure turn’ where scholars have called for examining the transformative ability of different infrastructures in causing systemic inequities beyond the spatial conception of ‘urban and the other’. This research examines the interconnected impact of infrastructure systems on existing spatial inequities through a study in metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This study investigates whether the urban-rural (U-R) gradient concept can enhance understanding of the spatial relationship between socioeconomic indicators and infrastructure systems. Indicators of spatial inequalities were regressed against infrastructure variables and imperviousness, as a proxy for the U-R gradient, using multivariate and spatial regression methods. The models show that imperviousness has a positive correlation with the concentration of racialized minorities and a negative correlation with access to health insurance. The study also shows that the predictive power of multiple infrastructures varies across space and does not adhere to urban boundaries or the U-R gradient. The complex interactions among different infrastructures shape inequities and require further inquiry in urban regions around the world.

scholarly journals THE GOVERNMENTAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN-MAKING: THE CASE OF PERIPHERAL MUNICIPALITIES OF THE RIO DE JANEIRO METROPOLITAN AREA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Godeiro de Oliveira Maranhão ◽  
Romulo Dante Orrico Filho ◽  
Enilson Medeiros dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
Plan Making

This paper analyzes the main challenges of the design and implementation of sustainable urban mobility plans (SUMP) after the law 12,587 in 2012, called the National Urban Mobility Policy (PNMU, in Portuguese). With the new law, municipalities within a population of more than 20,000 inhabitants, as well as those required by law to draw up master plans, are now compelled to elaborate mobility plans. However, only 171 of almost 3,400 municipalities required to prepare the plans were ready by 2015, the first deadline, later extended to 2018. This paper examines a set of municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and tries to understand what are the main challenges to achieving the goal of sustainable mobility and the main differences between the European and the Brazilian governmental perspectives in the subject. A survey on the main barriers was applied in five local entities, and in the state and national levels entities. Four methods of hierarchization were applied. Among the factors that stand out most are the lack of resources to elaborate the plan, lack of integration between levels of government and problems with training and lack of personal in the responsible agencies of the municipalities.

Corynebacterium ulceransIsolated from an Asymptomatic Dog Kept in an Animal Shelter in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A.S.O. Dias ◽  
Feliciano C. Silva ◽  
Gabriela A. Pereira ◽  
Monica C. Souza ◽  
Thereza C.F. Camello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Animal Shelter

Social determinants of community-level human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in aschool-based vaccination programme

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Jean ◽  
Malak Elshafei ◽  
Alison Buttenheim
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Local Authorities

ObjectiveTo assess social patterns in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage in a school-based, government-funded vaccination programme located within a single-payer universal healthcare system.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of HPV vaccine uptake data for the 2013–2014 school year for 131 local authorities in England, and then evaluated the association between vaccine uptake and socioeconomic status at the aggregate level.Data sourcesHPV vaccination coverage data from Public Health England’s vaccine uptake guidance and the UK’s March 2011 Census.Main outcome measuresWe measured three-dose local authority-level vaccine series initiation to completion.ResultsWe found that in local authorities where there are more high-income families, the vaccination rate is lower than in local authorities with more low-income families. Local authorities with a higher percentage of whites, compared with non-whites, had higher HPV vaccination rates. Additionally, local authorities with more non-migrants had higher rates of vaccination. Local authorities with more education deprivation had higher rates of vaccination. Local authorities’ higher proportions of high-status occupations had worse vaccination coverage. In bivariate analyses across all the socioeconomic indicators, a 1 SD change in the indicators was associated with about a 2.25 percentage point decrease (for income, education and occupation) or increase (for race and migrant composition) in HPV dose coverage in the local authority. In multivariable analyses, only race remained as a significant predictor of HPV coverage at the local authority level.ConclusionsAcross all three doses, there are notable variations by socioeconomic status, with steep reverse gradients in three socioeconomic indicators. More quantitative and qualitative research needs to be conducted to determine the effects of the 2014 transition from a three-dose regimen to two-dose regimen on vaccination coverage, especially in groups that experience lower rates of vaccination.

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