scholarly journals Boltzmann Machines as Generalized Hopfield Networks: A Review of Recent Results and Outlooks

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Chiara Marullo ◽  
Elena Agliari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Feature Detection ◽  
Hopfield Network ◽  
Boltzmann Machine ◽  
Hopfield Networks ◽  
Boltzmann Machines ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Retrieval Phase

The Hopfield model and the Boltzmann machine are among the most popular examples of neural networks. The latter, widely used for classification and feature detection, is able to efficiently learn a generative model from observed data and constitutes the benchmark for statistical learning. The former, designed to mimic the retrieval phase of an artificial associative memory lays in between two paradigmatic statistical mechanics models, namely the Curie-Weiss and the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick, which are recovered as the limiting cases of, respectively, one and many stored memories. Interestingly, the Boltzmann machine and the Hopfield network, if considered to be two cognitive processes (learning and information retrieval), are nothing more than two sides of the same coin. In fact, it is possible to exactly map the one into the other. We will inspect such an equivalence retracing the most representative steps of the research in this field.

scholarly journals Inverse problems for structured datasets using parallel TAP equations and restricted Boltzmann machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelien Decelle ◽  
Sungmin Hwang ◽  
Jacopo Rocchi ◽  
Daniele Tantari
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problems ◽  
Efficient Algorithm ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Boltzmann Machine ◽  
Restricted Boltzmann Machines ◽  
Boltzmann Machines ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Pseudo Likelihood ◽  
Field Approaches ◽  
Retrieval Phase

AbstractWe propose an efficient algorithm to solve inverse problems in the presence of binary clustered datasets. We consider the paradigmatic Hopfield model in a teacher student scenario, where this situation is found in the retrieval phase. This problem has been widely analyzed through various methods such as mean-field approaches or the pseudo-likelihood optimization. Our approach is based on the estimation of the posterior using the Thouless–Anderson–Palmer (TAP) equations in a parallel updating scheme. Unlike other methods, it allows to retrieve the original patterns of the teacher dataset and thanks to the parallel update it can be applied to large system sizes. We tackle the same problem using a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and discuss analogies and differences between our algorithm and RBM learning.

scholarly journals Single Neuronal Dynamical System in Self-Feedbacked Hopfield Networks and Its Application in Image Encryption

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Xitong Xu ◽  
Shengbo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Image Encryption ◽  
Chaotic Dynamic ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hopfield Network ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Hopfield Networks ◽  
Discrete Form ◽  
Chaotic Parameter

Image encryption is a confidential strategy to keep the information in digital images from being leaked. Due to excellent chaotic dynamic behavior, self-feedbacked Hopfield networks have been used to design image ciphers. However, Self-feedbacked Hopfield networks have complex structures, large computational amount and fixed parameters; these properties limit the application of them. In this paper, a single neuronal dynamical system in self-feedbacked Hopfield network is unveiled. The discrete form of single neuronal dynamical system is derived from a self-feedbacked Hopfield network. Chaotic performance evaluation indicates that the system has good complexity, high sensitivity, and a large chaotic parameter range. The system is also incorporated into a framework to improve its chaotic performance. The result shows the system is well adapted to this type of framework, which means that there is a lot of room for improvement in the system. To investigate its applications in image encryption, an image encryption scheme is then designed. Simulation results and security analysis indicate that the proposed scheme is highly resistant to various attacks and competitive with some exiting schemes.

Gadamer and the Yijing’s Language of Nature: Hermeneutics and Chinese Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 174-192
Author(s):  
Andrew Fuyarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Value Judgments ◽  
Art Of Medicine ◽  
Chinese Aesthetics ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Interpretive Method ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One

Although their value-judgments diverge, neo-Confucian and American continental philosophers agree that Gadamer’s hermeneutics is anti-foundationalist. Neither side, however, has asked why he frequently appeals to standards of harmony, or why he models the art of medicine on the order of nature. These indicate a commitment to trans-historical foundation of One and many that forms the basis for comparisons with Chinese aesthetics in the Yijing tradition. These foundations are grounded in Gadamer’s reading of Plato and shape his onto-dialogical interpretive method. In contrast to Whitehead, Gadamer cements the One and many in practical life by removing the contradiction through a transformation in human ethos.

On Whether the Venetians Should Ally with the Emperor or Stick to the Alliance with the King of France

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Steady Pressure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
King Of France ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Francis I

This chapter considers how, once again, the Venetians had found themselves under steady pressure from two sides — this time between the new king of France, Francis I, and Charles of Habsburg, the king of Spain as well as the Holy Roman Emperor. Although they had not come to a clear rupture with the Emperor, the Venetians had dutifully performed their role in the war on the French side, and were now rather at sea as to what they should do next. On the one hand, Francis incited them to hold on, for he would soon send another army into Italy; on the other hand, Charles was trying to detach them from the French alliance with various reassurances and offers.

Rethinking the Daoist Concept of Nature

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
David Chai
Keyword(s):  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Levels Of Reality ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One

Recent years have seen an increased turning to the “wisdom of the East” when addressing issues on the environment. The risk of misappropriating its tenets in order to make them conform to the Western system is extremely high however. This paper will lay bare the early texts of Daoism so as to disprove claims that Nature is mystical, antithetical to technology, and subservient to human consciousness. It shall argue that Nature not only arises from a non-anthropocentric source in Dao but that this arising takes place across three levels of reality: Dao’s mystery, the cosmogony of the One-and-Many, and the fourfold comprised of Dao, Heaven, Earth, and man. The result is a vision of Nature no longer bound to a singular actuality but one whose presence is felt across an endless range of possibilities as the substantive realization of Dao.

Division and Classification

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-54
Author(s):  
Paolo Crivelli
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Location ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Different Parts

The Philebus presents some arguments for the paradoxical claim that the many are one and the one many. The most serious of these arguments concerns the multiple spatial locations of an attribute. For instance, since the attribute man belongs to many men, it is in them, and it is therefore both one and many (for it is in them either by having different parts of itself contained in them or by being wholly contained in each of them). Plato maintains that this argument goes astray. He appeals to division and collection, the procedures linked with definition and classification. He probably has in mind a mereological model of particulars, whereby perceptible particulars are mixtures whose ingredients are the attributes which they partake of. Among the ingredients of a perceptible particular there are properties that specify its spatial location, so the problem of the multiple spatial location of an attribute evaporates.

Ibn al-‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Robinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Divine Essence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Southeast Spain ◽  
The Way

Ibn al-‘Arabi was a mystic who drew on the writings of Sufis, Islamic theologians and philosophers in order to elaborate a complex theosophical system akin to that of Plotinus. He was born in Murcia (in southeast Spain) in AH 560/ad 1164, and died in Damascus in AH 638/ad 1240. Of several hundred works attributed to him the most famous are al-Futuhat al-makkiyya (The Meccan Illuminations) and Fusus al-hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom). The Futuhat is an encyclopedic discussion of Islamic lore viewed from the perspective of the stages of the mystic path. It exists in two editions, both completed in Damascus – one in AH 629/ad 1231 and the other in AH 636/ad 1238 – but the work was conceived in Mecca many years earlier, in the course of a vision which Ibn al-‘Arabi experienced near the Kaaba, the cube-shaped House of God which Muslims visit on pilgrimage. Because of its length, this work has been relatively neglected. The Fusus, which is much shorter, comprises twenty-seven chapters named after prophets who epitomize different spiritual types. Ibn al-‘Arabi claimed that he received it directly from Muhammad, who appeared to him in Damascus in AH 627/ad 1229. It has been the subject of over forty commentaries. Although Ibn al-‘Arabi was primarily a mystic who believed that he possessed superior divinely-bestowed knowledge, his work is of interest to the philosopher because of the way in which he used philosophical terminology in an attempt to explain his inner experience. He held that whereas the divine Essence is absolutely unknowable, the cosmos as a whole is the locus of manifestation of all God’s attributes. Moreover, since these attributes require the creation for their expression, the One is continually driven to transform itself into Many. The goal of spiritual realization is therefore to penetrate beyond the exterior multiplicity of phenomena to a consciousness of what subsequent writers have termed the ‘unity of existence’. This entails the abolition of the ego or ‘passing away from self’ (fana’) in which one becomes aware of absolute unity, followed by ‘perpetuation’ (baqa’) in which one sees the world as at once One and Many, and one is able to see God in the creature and the creature in God.

Picturing Scripts: A Combined Narrative, Social Semiotic and Cognitive Approach to Visual Narrativity

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindie Maagaard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Cognitive Perspectives

Abstract This article explores visual narrativity through the case of prospective, or future-tense, narratives realized through visual images. Addressing the challenges of representing narrative elements of temporality, events and experience in a single, static image, it proposes an analytical framework combining social semiotic, contextual and cognitive perspectives. In doing so, it argues that a combined approach enhances our ability to understand the interplay between on the one hand the image-internal visual cues of temporality and modality that activate the viewer’s imagination and narrative inferences, and on the other, the processes by which such inferences are made, including the influence of the viewer’s contextual knowledge and cognitive processes in guiding them. The article uses architectural renderings as material for analysis, because they are exemplary of how visual images invite viewers to imagine the kinds of activities and experiences that can unfold in a future setting and thus make inferences about temporality, event and experience beyond the image’s isolated moment.

scholarly journals Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silja Raschke ◽  
Jürgen Eckel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Kinetics Of

This review summarizes the current literature regarding the most discussed contraction-regulated moykines like IL-6, IL-15, irisin, BDNF, ANGPTL4, FGF21, myonectin and MCP-1. It is suggested that the term myokine is restricted to proteins secreted from skeletal muscle cells, excluding proteins that are secreted by other cell types in skeletal muscle tissue and excluding proteins which are only described on the mRNA level. Interestingly, many of the contraction-regulated myokines described in the literature are additionally known to be secreted by adipocytes. We termed these proteins adipo-myokines. Within this review, we try to elaborate on the question why pro-inflammatory adipokines on the one hand are upregulated in the obese state, and have beneficial effects after exercise on the other hand. Both, adipokines and myokines do have autocrine effects within their corresponding tissues. In addition, they are involved in an endocrine crosstalk with other tissues. Depending on the extent and the kinetics of adipo-myokines in serum, these molecules seem to have a beneficial or an adverse effect on the target tissue.

3. Protracted Legal Proceedings on account of Alleged Illegal Detention in a Lunatic Asylum

1872 ◽  
Vol 18 (82) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Keyword(s):  
Lunatic Asylum ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides

Every now and then a case crops up illustrating the serious responsibility and risks which a medical man incurs in signing a certificate of lunacy, but perhaps no better instance can be brought forward in support of this statement than the one known in Scotland as “the Mackintosh of Holme Case.” The extracts from the newspapers tell their own tale, and make remarks almost superfluous; but we may state for the benefit of those interested in the matter, that in the “Journal of Mental Science,” vol. x., they will find remarks on the case, in one of its aspects, by Dr. Tuke. In vol. xi. of the same Journal, p. 616, there is a notice concerning a testimonial presented to the proprietors of Saughtonhall, the asylum in which Mr. Mackintosh was detained; the subscribers, chiefly medical men, expressed their sympathy with the physicians at the head of the institution for the very unpleasant and expensive case into which they had been brought. But as there are always two sides to a question, and we can only arrive at the truth by examining both, we append a letter by Dr. Mackintosh which appeared in the “Inverness Courier,” April 25, 1872, in which he gives his views on the matter so long disputed. We give the extracts from the “Scotsman” at full length, otherwise the legal niceties might be imperfectly indicated.

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