scholarly journals Cooperation Promotion from the Perspective of Behavioral Economics: An Incentive Mechanism Based on Loss Aversion in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Liu ◽  
Shiyue Huang ◽  
Hucheng Xu ◽  
Deng Li ◽  
Nan Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
The Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Hoc Networks

As a special mobile ad-hoc network, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have the characteristics of high-speed movement, frequent topology changes, multi-hop routing, a lack of energy, storage space limitations, and the possible selfishness of the nodes. These characteristics bring challenges to the design of the incentive mechanism in VANETs. In the current research on the incentive mechanism of VANETs, the mainstream is the reward-based incentive mechanism. Most of these mechanisms are designed based on the expected utility theory of traditional economics and assume that the positive and negative effects produced by an equal amount of gain and loss are equal in absolute value. However, the theory of loss aversion points out that the above effects are not equal. Moreover, this will lead to a deviation between the final decision-making behavior of nodes and the actual optimal situation. Therefore, this paper proposed a Loss-Aversion-based Incentive Mechanism (LAIM) to promote the comprehensive perception and sharing of information in the VANETs. This paper designs the incentive threshold and the threshold factor to motivate vehicle nodes to cooperate. Furthermore, based on the number of messages that the nodes face, the utility function of nodes is redesigned to correct the assumption that a gain and a loss of an equal amount could offset each other in traditional economics. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional incentive mechanism, the LAIM can increase the average utility of nodes by more than 34.35%, which promotes the cooperation of nodes.

A Probabilistic Routing Protocol in VANET

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gongjun Yan ◽  
Stephan Olariu ◽  
Shaharuddin Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Probabilistic Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Manet Networks

The key attribute that distinguishes Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) from Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is scale. While MANET networks involve up to one hundred nodes and are short lived, being deployed in support of special-purpose operations, VANET networks involve millions of vehicles on thousands of kilometers of highways and city streets. Being mission-driven, MANET mobility is inherently limited by the application at hand. In most MANET applications, mobility occurs at low speed. By contrast, VANET networks involve vehicles that move at high speed, often well beyond what is reasonable or legally stipulated. Given the scale of its mobility and number of actors involved, the topology of VANET is changing constantly and, as a result, both individual links and routing paths are inherently unstable. Motivated by this latter truism, the authors propose a probability model for link duration based on realistic vehicular dynamics and radio propagation assumptions. The paper illustrates how the proposed model can be incorporated in a routing protocol, which results in paths that are easier to construct and maintain. Extensive simulation results confirm that this probabilistic routing protocol results in more easily maintainable paths.

Efficient Mechanisms and Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in VANETs for Realistic Scenarios

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Bouras ◽  
Vaggelis Kapoulas ◽  
Enea Tsanai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Pattern Movement ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a special case of mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and are recently gaining a great attention from the research community. The need for improved road safety, traffic efficiency and direct communication along with the great complexity in routing, makes VANETs a highly challenging field. Routing in VANETs has to adapt to special characteristics such as high speed and road pattern movement as well as high linkage break probability. In this work, the authors show that traditional MANET routing protocols cannot efficiently handle the challenges in a VANET environment and thus need further modifications. For this reason, they propose and implement an enhancement mechanism, applied to the GPSR routing protocol that adapts to the needs of a VANET. The proposed mechanism's performance is evaluated through simulation sets for urban and highway scenarios and compared to the performance of the most common MANET routing protocols adopted in VANETs. The proposed enhancement is shown to be considerably beneficial and it significantly outperforms the rest of the tested routing protocols for almost every topology setting.

Wireless Networks for Vehicular Support

2011 ◽  
pp. 4135-4140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Manzoni ◽  
Carlos T. Calafate ◽  
Juan-Carlos Cano ◽  
Antonio Skarmeta ◽  
Vittoria Gianuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Road ◽  
V2v Communication ◽  
Safety Message ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) is an area under intensive research that promises to improve security on the road by developing an intelligent transport system (ITS). The main purpose is to create an inter-communication network among vehicles, as well as between vehicles and the supporting infrastructure. The system pretends to offer drivers data concerning other nearby vehicles, especially those within sight. The problem of information sharing among vehicles and between the vehicle and the infrastructure is another critical aspect. A general communication infrastructure is required for the notification, storage, management, and provision of context-aware information about user travel. Ideally an integrated vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication paradigm enriched with an information management system would solve the problem. The infrastructure should manage all the collected safety events garnered from vehicles and the interesting information to be provided to the user, which is adapted to the car context and driver preferences. Finally, security issues should be considered. Since the information conveyed over a vehicular network may affect critical decisions, fail-safe security is a necessity. The first directive for any V2V communication scheme is, therefore, that every safety message must be authenticated. Because of the high speed and therefore short duration within which communication between two cars is possible, communication must be non-interactive, and message overhead must be very low. The urgency of safety messages implies that authentication must be instantaneous without additional communication. Moreover, providing strong security in vehicular networks raises important privacy concerns that must also be considered. Safety messages include data that is dangerous to the personal privacy of vehicle owners. Most relevant is the danger of tracking a vehicle through positional information. A set of security basics to address these challenges should be proposed that can be used as the building blocks of secure applications. In this article we will focus on the aforementioned technologies and engineering issues related to vehicular ad-hoc networks, emphasizing the challenges that must be overcome to accomplish the desired vehicular safety infrastructure.

A Probabilistic Routing Protocol in VANET

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Gongjun Yan ◽  
Stephan Olariu ◽  
Shaharuddin Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Probabilistic Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Link Duration

The key attribute that distinguishes Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) from Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is scale. While MANET networks involve up to one hundred nodes and are short lived, being deployed in support of special-purpose operations, VANET networks involve millions of vehicles on thousands of kilometers of highways and city streets. Being mission-driven, MANET mobility is inherently limited by the application at hand. In most MANET applications, mobility occurs at low speed. By contrast, VANET networks involve vehicles that move at high speed, often well beyond what is reasonable or legally stipulated. Given the scale of its mobility and number of actors involved, the topology of VANET is changing constantly and, as a result, both individual links and routing paths are inherently unstable. Motivated by this latter truism, the authors propose a probability model for link duration based on realistic vehicular dynamics and radio propagation assumptions. The paper illustrates how the proposed model can be incorporated in a routing protocol, which results in paths that are easier to construct and maintain. Extensive simulation results confirm that this probabilistic routing protocol results in more easily maintainable paths.

Routing in Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan ◽  
Kapil Sharma ◽  
Alka Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delay Tolerant Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant Network ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant

With the ever-escalating amount of vehicular traffic activity on the roads, the efficient management of traffic and safety of the drivers and passengers is of paramount gravity. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as the systems where vehicles would be perceptive of the locality and can supply the driver with required inputs to take necessary actions to alleviate the various issues. The system is designed to detect and identify essential traffic events and inform all concerned entities and take appropriate action. The characteristics of VANET are the topology is highly mobile, depends on city infrastructure, and the high speed of vehicles. These challenges result in frequent disruption of connections, long delays in delivering the messages. The challenges are overcome through the vehicular delay-tolerant network (VDTN) routing protocols are used that can facilitate communication under these network challenges. In this chapter, the authors evaluate the effect of the node density and message sizes on the performance of the various VDTN routing protocols.

scholarly journals RESP: Relay Suitability-based Routing Protocol for Video Streaming in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Omar A. Hammood ◽  
Mohd Nizam ◽  
Muamer Nafaa ◽  
Waleed A. Hammood
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Video Streaming ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Link Stability ◽  
Hoc Networks

Video streaming in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is a fundamental requirement for a roadside emergency and smart video surveillance services. However, vehicles moving at a high speed usually create unstable wireless links that drop video frames qualities. In a high-density network, network collision between vehicles is another obstacle in improving the scalability of unicast routing protocols. In this paper, the RElay Suitability-based Routing Protocol (RESP) which makes a routing decision based on the link stability measurement was proposed for an uninterrupted video streaming. The RESP estimates the geographic advancement and link stability of a vehicle towards its destination only in the small region. To ensure the reliability while extending the scalability of routing, the relay suitability metric integrates the packet delay, collision dropping, link stability, and the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) in the weighted division algorithm, and selects a high-quality forwarding node for video streaming. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed RESP outperformed the link Lifetime-aware Beacon-less Routing Protocol (LBRP) and other traditional geographical streaming protocols in providing a high packet delivery ratio and less packet delay with various network densities, and proved the scalability support of RESP for video streaming.

A Geocast Protocol with Information-Centric Perspective in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Houacine Abdelkrim ◽  
Guezouri Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is subclass of network of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) type, it has emerged as a platform that supports inter-vehicles communication to improve road traffic safety. A conventional packet-based routing protocol where a packet moves from a source to a destination untouched throughout the entire process no longer satisfies the requirements in VANETs because of the high mobility of vehicles. This article proposes a routing protocol with an information-centric perspective for the VANETs, the techniques invoked are: Geocast instead of the classical multicast and the aggregation location-based. The simulation results under NS-3 and SUMO show that this protocol can help to limit the redundancy of the messages exchanged by their aggregation without maintaining a hierarchical structure; which minimizes transmission costs and ensures reliability and performance.

A Trust Framework for Centralized TDMA Scheduling Mechanism in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hadded ◽  
Khalifa Toumi ◽  
Anis Laouiti ◽  
Paul Muhlethaler
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Trust Mechanism ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks, known as VANETs, are deployed to improve passenger comfort as well as to reduce the risk of road accidents by allowing vehicles to provide a warning in real time when a critical event is detected. In such networks, communication is possible both between the vehicles themselves and between the vehicles and the infrastructure. These applications need a reliable and secure broadcast system that takes into consideration the security issues in VANETs, the high speed of nodes, and the strict QoS requirements. For these reasons, the authors propose a trust-based and centralized TDMA-based MAC protocol that avoids time slot assignment to malicious nodes and minimizes message collision. The solution is based on the design of a generic trust mechanism for VANETs based on the MAC requirements and its integration into a centralized TDMA-based MAC protocol, named trust-CTMAC. The mechanism will permit roadside units (RSUs) to manage trust level assignment via security check during free slot allotment. The experiments carried out and the results obtained prove the effectiveness of the approach.

scholarly journals VANET Simulator: Full Design Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2024-2034
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Architecture Design ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks VANETs are now greatly affecting our daily lives. Autonomous driving vehicles becomes a hot research topic in automotive industry. Deploying autonomous vehicles scenarios requires realistic network through which all vehicles can communicate safely and efficiently. Network simulation prior direct implementation saves a lot of time and money, due to the high implementation cost of the vehicular ad-hoc networks.VANET simulators are not as same as mobile ad-hoc network MANET simulators; they have different characteristics and different architecture design, where VANET simulators are rapidly changing network topology in a frequent basis with high-speed moving nodes.In this paper, we will discuss the full architecture design of VANET simulator, which consists of three main parts: mobility generator, network simulator, and a middleware framework that combine both mobility and network simulator together, followed by a comparative study of the different parts of VANET simulator.

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