scholarly journals Electromagnetic Field Levels in Built-up Areas with an Irregular Grid of Buildings: Modeling and Integrated Software

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Luca Schirru ◽  
Filippo Ledda ◽  
Matteo Bruno Lodi ◽  
Alessandro Fanti ◽  
Katiuscia Mannaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Industrial Software ◽  
Integrated Software

The knowledge of the electromagnetic field levels generated by radio base stations present in an urban environment is a relevant aspect for propagations and coverage issues, as well as for the compliance to national regulations. Despite the growing interest in the novel fifth generation (5G) technology, several aspects related to the investigation of the urban propagation of the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) mobile systems in peculiar non-rural environments may be improved. To account for irregular geometries and to deal with the propagation in hilly towns, in this work we present an enhanced version of the COST231-Walfisch–Ikegami model, whose parameters have been modified to evaluate the path loss at distances greater than 20 meters from the radio base station. This work addressed the problem of providing an effective, reliable, and quantitative model for the estimation of electromagnetic field levels in built-up areas. In addition, we also developed and tested a pre-industrial software prototype whose aim is to make the estimated electromagnetic field levels available to the key players in the telecom industry, the local authorities, and the general population. We validated the proposed model with a measurement campaign in the small urban and irregular built-up areas of Dorgali (Nuoro), Cala Gonone (Nuoro), and Lunamatrona (Cagliari) in Sardinia (Italy).

scholarly journals Evaluación de niveles de exposición electromagnética causados por las estaciones base de Telefonía Móvil Celular [Assessment for electromagnetic exposure level caused by cellular mobile transmitting antennas in base station]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walder de Jesús Canova García
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Base

Resumen El creciente número de estaciones base de telefonía móvil celular alrededor de sectores residenciales o tránsito de personas, causa preocupación en la comunidad sobre si la radiación de campos electromagnéticos puedan causar riesgos en la salud. Internacionalmente existen estándares que establecen límites a las diversas fuentes de campos electromagnéticos para garantizar que se minimizan los riesgos en la salud. Cada país adopta dentro de su legislación algún estándar o recomendación y exige su cumplimiento a los operadores de estaciones de telecomunicaciones, por ejemplo en Colombia rige el decreto 195 de 2005. El artículo presenta una evaluación, basados en mediciones técnicas en el 2010, para obtener los niveles de exposición a campos electromagnéticos generados por las antenas instaladas en las estaciones base de telefonía móvil. Luego aparece el procedimiento general de mediciones, donde incluye el plan ejecutorial de mediciones, la configuración de la instrumentación y la caracterización de los lugares y puntos de medición. Por último, los resultados medidos en algunos lugares, donde las antenas de transmisión cumplían con la normativa adoptada en Colombia. Palabras Clave: Exposición a campos Electromagnéticos, Estaciones base de Telefonía móvil celular, Mediciones de banda angosta.   Abstract The growth of installations of transmitting antennas on base stations surrounding residential spaces or person traffic causes concerns in the community, about whether the radiation of electromagnetic fields of transmitting antennas in mobile base station can generate health risk. Over the world, there are standards that establish maximum levels permitted to different electromagnetic field sources to accomplish security ranges for health risks. Each country adopts in their legislation some international standard and requires to telecommunication operators stations for its compliance. In Colombian, the decree 195 of 2005 is still valid. This article shows an assessment, based on technical measurements developed in 2010, to acquire the electromagnetic field exposure levels generated by transmitting antennas installed on Mobile Base Station. This assessment includes the measurement system procedure: plan of measurement, instrumental configuration, and characterization of measurement places. Finally, here presents the measured results in some places, which exposure levels satisfied the adopted legislation in Colombia. Keywords: Electromagnetic Field Exposure, Mobile Base Stations, Narrowband Measurement.

scholarly journals Design of equi-interference lines in CDMA mobile systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Lebl ◽  
Dragan Mitić ◽  
Žarko Markov ◽  
Željka Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Emission Characteristics

Abstract In this paper it is presented the process of designing equi-interference lines in the CDMA mobile telephony systems. It is proved that shape of these lines in one base station cell is determined by emission characteristics of that base station and the base stations, which form the first ring around the considered cell. The influence of base stations from the other rings after the first one is dominantly noticed as the interference increase in each point of equi-interference line. The value of interference increase depends on the value of environmental propagation coefficient. For its small values it is necessary to consider the influence of base stations from more than twenty rings around the analyzed cell, while for great values it is enough to consider only two rings.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF ABSORBED ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ON SERVICE TECHNICIANS FROM BASE STATION ANTENNA SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DEJAN KRSTI Ć ◽  
DARKO ZIGAR ◽  
MILAN JOVANOVIĆ ◽  
VLADIMIR STANKOVIĆ ◽  
NENAD CVETKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Field Service ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
The Subject

Service technicians on mobile phone base stations systems are exposed to electromagnetic waves in the near field. In this area, the values of electrical and magnetic field can overload maximal exposure limit defined by standards. The subject in this paper is health risk of a service technician. It is important to calculate electrical field in the body of a service technician who moves in the vicinity of base station in order to estimate their health status. Key words: Near electromagnetic field, service technicians, health risk from electromagnetic field.

scholarly journals Energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol for smart vehicle monitoring using intelligent sensor networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 155014772110391
Author(s):  
Yuvaraja Teekaraman ◽  
Hariprasath Manoharan ◽  
Ramya Kuppusamy ◽  
Shabana Urooj ◽  
Fadwa Alrowais
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Network Reliability ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Network Simulator

This article focuses on intensifying in-vehicle biological wireless sensor networks for the persistence of monitoring the information on a precise vehicle. The wireless sensor networks will have enormous amount of nodules which are interrelated with each other. Therefore, these wireless sensor networks can be installed on a vehicle not only for monitoring perseverance but also for corroborating security with the support of a Global Positioning System expedient. In addition, the projected work focuses on reliable communiqué which is defined in terms of network reliability with discrepancy in reporting rate at each base station. To validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme, the simulation has been abetted using network simulator (NS2) and the outcomes indicate that when the sensors are installed, a robust system can be obtained with improved data transfer between the base stations. Moreover, a fortified in-vehicular sensor can be fixed in each vehicle with minimized path loss.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS ON TRENDING ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE LEVELS AT HOMES AND PROXIMITY NEXT TO BASE STATIONS ALONG THREE YEARS IN A CITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman ÇEREZCİ ◽  
Baha KANBEROĞLU ◽  
Şuayb Çağrı YENER
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The City

Electromagnetic field exposure levels of people living in the closest houses to the GSM transmitting antennas were investigated in a city between 2010 and 2012. At the end of 3-year period, trend of the electromagnetic exposure levels was determined especially for indoor/outdoor environments near the base station antennas. Because of increasing number of base stations by years and changing of the technology, it is determined that average electromagnetic exposure values in the city increased in a certain extent each year. Total and frequency selective measurements were performed in indoor/outdoor places. The results were compared by International ICNIRP limits. In addition, possibility of the compliance with some European countries which have applied low limit values are discussed to minimize involuntary exposure to electromagnetic fields at indoor/outdoor environments. Consequently, a suggestion is made and discussed for obtaining relatively homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field exposure at indoor/outdoor environments near base station antennas to eliminate extent values.

scholarly journals Mobile 4G LTE Networks Mobility and Coverage for Some Locations in Ibadan Using Path Loss Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Ogunsola ◽  
◽  
O. Adeleke ◽  
O.I. Olaluwoye
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Reference Distance

The recent migration of most GSM service providers’ networks in Ibadan from 3G to 4G, in preparation for the deployment of 5G technology in the nation necessitated the need to re-examine the GSM networks’ mobility and coverage within the micro cells in-between a Base Station and a Mobile Station. This attempt is aimed at using existing Path Loss Propagation Models in proffering solutions to the negative consequences usually associated with call drops in the Urban and Suburban Areas of Ibadan due to inability of channels to handover as a result of path loss. The path loss (dB) analysis was carried out by measuring the Received Signal Strength RSS (dBm) at distances ranging from 0.05 km to 4 km in-between Base Stations and Mobile Stations using the factory fitted installed RSS software on Android phones. These measurements were taken for three weeks within the urban and suburban areas of the University of Ibadan campus, and its neighborhood community of Agbowo for ten selected existing Base Stations from four of the nationwide GSM Service Providers (SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4) in Nigeria. The variation of path loss with the RSS for GSM Service Provider (SP1) propagating at 955MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1850MHz and 2120MHz, were 66.03 dB, 71.77 dB and 72.96 dB, respectively. However, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 101.59dB for 955MHz, 103.81dB for 1850MHz and 105dB for 2120MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP2) propagating at 960MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1865MHz and 2150MHz were 66.07 dB, 71.84 dB and 73.08 dB, respectively. Moreover, in a similar manner to the SP1 service provider, at 4 km the path loss had risen to 104.14dB for 960MHz, 109.9dB for 1865MHz and 111.14dB for 2150MHz. Furthermore, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP3) propagating at 950MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1835MHz and 2130MHz were 65.98 dB, 71.70 dB and 73.00 dB, respectively. Likewise, as was in the case of the SP1 and SP2 Service providers, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 104.05dB for 950MHz, 109.76dB for 1835MHz and 111.06dB for 2130MHz. Also, the path loss for the GSM service provider (SP4) propagating at 940MHz (reference distance of 0.05km), 1880MHz and 2140MHz, were 65.47 dB, 71.46 dB and 72.23 dB, respectively. Moreover, the path loss at 4 km had risen to 103.53dB for 940MHz, 109.52dB for 1880MHz and 110.29dB for 2140 MHz as was the case with the other GSM Service providers (SP!, SP2 and SP3) considered .Thus, the path loss increases with distance within the microcells of base stations. However, the path loss model with minimum path loss (dB) at a given distance enhances good coverage and handover postponement. Moreover, the mean square error values used in obtaining the accuracy between the measured and the Empirical models were 17.15dB, 59.69dB, 48.46dB, 60.52dB and 40.07dB for the C-model, Cost-OH, Sub-O, Lee-model and experimental model, respectively. . Key words: GSM networks, Base station, Mobile station, Signal strength, GSM service provider

scholarly journals Performance analysis of handover parameter for natural disaster in LTE-A network

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Azita Laily Yusof ◽  
Ainnur Eiza Mohd Azhar ◽  
Norsuzila Ya’acob
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Disaster Area ◽  
Optimal Value

<span>Natural disaster is an unpredictable event which can cause service communication disruption. The disruption of service communication can be divided into three cases which are power outage, broken backhaul and physical destruction by disaster. This paper focuses on power outage case. Although each base stations equipped with backup batteries, it only last for several hours. After natural disaster hit certain areas, traffic is highly congested due to panic and rescue operation of lifesaving. This scenario will drain the backup batteries quickly. In order to limit the UEs’ connection to the affected base station, this research proposed to adjust Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on parameter called as a distance fraction coefficient, α so that the affected coverage area is reduced when in disaster area situation. The parameter is added in the path loss equation and later in the RSS equation. The numerical results show the RSS improved whereby α=0.2 gives the optimal value and therefore limit the incoming traffic to the affected base station. </span>

scholarly journals Path loss Optimization in WIMAX Network using Genetic Algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Radio Communication System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Access Services ◽  
Station Site

The most necessary factors effect on the standard of broadband access services in mobile systems are WIMAX signal throughput and area coverage range. The environment controls are based on the sign power of any radio communication system. The sign power in any base station site relies on the space between the transmitter and the receiver, carrier frequency for the transmitter and the receiver along on the path loss. One of the most generally utilized experimental model to predict the path loss is the COST-231 Hata model. In this paper, the path loss rates have calculated based on the WIMAX criterion frequency at an area with 3.5GHz, that constant distances (7km) of transmitting base station into receive base station in urban, suburban environments. The execution of the COST-231 Hata paradigm and optimized paradigm are rated over the path loss. This model is optimized using Genetic Algorithm Technique using a computational tool MATLAB. Path loss results acquired show that the optimized paradigm rates a little higher than rates standard. The distance (7km)is good because of achieving the lowest value for path loss.

Hygienic strategy of mobile communication base station antennas radiofrequency electromagnetic field values modern control

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 583-586
Author(s):  
Lidia A. Lutsenko ◽  
Anna V. Sukhova ◽  
Rustam V. Turdyev
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Communications ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Energy Flux Density

Introduction. The urgency of the issue is due to the rapid development of new telecommunications and information technologies, the widespread introduction and distribution of cellular base stations (BS), which changes the conditions of contact of the population with sources of electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies (EMR RF). The aim of the study is to summarize the results of the analysis of the project documentation for the placement of mobile radiotelephone network BS in terms of comparability of calculated and actually measured levels of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from transmitting antennas; to determine the prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS. Materials and methods. For hygienic control of EMR levels, serial broadband meters PZ-42 and NBM-550 were used; the method according to MUC 4.3.1677-03 "Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field created by radiating technical means of television, FM radio broadcasting and base stations of land mobile radio communications". 74 BS were examined, whose antennas were a source of EMR at the frequency of 2620-2640 MHz with a power of 24.2-24.4 W. Results. The maximum length of the building restriction zone (BRZ) from the BS antennas ranged from 16 m to 101 m, regardless of the power of the radiating means, in 50% of cases the length of the BRZ was 30-45 m. In 40% of cases, BS antennas are installed on the roofs of low-rise buildings with BRZ at a height that falls to 5-10 meters from ground level. The excess of the calculated EMR values in terms of energy flux density (EFD) was determined for 50% of the BS. Instrumental measurements of EFD in 19.4% of cases showed excess remote, 11.1% - exceeding marked only by considering the expanded uncertainty (EU) measurement EFD. It was found that the values of EFD measured with EU are more closely approximated to the calculated values. Conclusions. Substantiated recommendations on whether the calculation of the era for height and length for the lower lobes in a radiation direction of antenna, recording ratio EU of the measured values of EFD for additional health human in multivariate emitters of EMR RF. The prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS operation are defined.

scholarly journals Radio network planning and human exposure to electromagnetic fields

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Baldauf ◽  
W. Sörgel ◽  
W. Wiesbeck
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Mobile Station ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Power Reduction ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Transmit Power ◽  
Transmit Power Control

Abstract. This paper analyzes the effect of a change in cell size and of transmit power control on the human exposure to electromagnetic fields. In a simplified network configuration the well accepted COST-Hata model is considered to assess the path loss. It is shown that increasing the base station density will not generally raise the exposure but can rather help to lower it significantly. The exposure due to base stations is hardly affected by allowing a transmit power reduction at the base station for individual links. In contrast to this, it is demonstrated that transmit power control at the mobile station is a helpful means to lower the exposure efficiently.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document