scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF ABSORBED ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ON SERVICE TECHNICIANS FROM BASE STATION ANTENNA SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DEJAN KRSTI Ć ◽  
DARKO ZIGAR ◽  
MILAN JOVANOVIĆ ◽  
VLADIMIR STANKOVIĆ ◽  
NENAD CVETKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Field Service ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
The Subject

Service technicians on mobile phone base stations systems are exposed to electromagnetic waves in the near field. In this area, the values of electrical and magnetic field can overload maximal exposure limit defined by standards. The subject in this paper is health risk of a service technician. It is important to calculate electrical field in the body of a service technician who moves in the vicinity of base station in order to estimate their health status. Key words: Near electromagnetic field, service technicians, health risk from electromagnetic field.

scholarly journals A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
David Anguiano Sanjurjo ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Wave Radio ◽  
Maximum Exposure

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

scholarly journals Evaluación de niveles de exposición electromagnética causados por las estaciones base de Telefonía Móvil Celular [Assessment for electromagnetic exposure level caused by cellular mobile transmitting antennas in base station]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walder de Jesús Canova García
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Base

Resumen El creciente número de estaciones base de telefonía móvil celular alrededor de sectores residenciales o tránsito de personas, causa preocupación en la comunidad sobre si la radiación de campos electromagnéticos puedan causar riesgos en la salud. Internacionalmente existen estándares que establecen límites a las diversas fuentes de campos electromagnéticos para garantizar que se minimizan los riesgos en la salud. Cada país adopta dentro de su legislación algún estándar o recomendación y exige su cumplimiento a los operadores de estaciones de telecomunicaciones, por ejemplo en Colombia rige el decreto 195 de 2005. El artículo presenta una evaluación, basados en mediciones técnicas en el 2010, para obtener los niveles de exposición a campos electromagnéticos generados por las antenas instaladas en las estaciones base de telefonía móvil. Luego aparece el procedimiento general de mediciones, donde incluye el plan ejecutorial de mediciones, la configuración de la instrumentación y la caracterización de los lugares y puntos de medición. Por último, los resultados medidos en algunos lugares, donde las antenas de transmisión cumplían con la normativa adoptada en Colombia. Palabras Clave: Exposición a campos Electromagnéticos, Estaciones base de Telefonía móvil celular, Mediciones de banda angosta.   Abstract The growth of installations of transmitting antennas on base stations surrounding residential spaces or person traffic causes concerns in the community, about whether the radiation of electromagnetic fields of transmitting antennas in mobile base station can generate health risk. Over the world, there are standards that establish maximum levels permitted to different electromagnetic field sources to accomplish security ranges for health risks. Each country adopts in their legislation some international standard and requires to telecommunication operators stations for its compliance. In Colombian, the decree 195 of 2005 is still valid. This article shows an assessment, based on technical measurements developed in 2010, to acquire the electromagnetic field exposure levels generated by transmitting antennas installed on Mobile Base Station. This assessment includes the measurement system procedure: plan of measurement, instrumental configuration, and characterization of measurement places. Finally, here presents the measured results in some places, which exposure levels satisfied the adopted legislation in Colombia. Keywords: Electromagnetic Field Exposure, Mobile Base Stations, Narrowband Measurement.

scholarly journals Wire antenna theory applied to the assessment of the radiation hazard in the vicinity of the GSM base stations

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Roje
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Incident Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Wire Antenna ◽  
Antenna Theory

Safety aspects of the GSM base station radiation concerning human health have been analyzed. The numerical modeling of the human body was performed by utilizing the antenna theory and BEM numerical procedure. The simplified model of the body represented by thick cylindrical scatterer placed vertically on the perfect conducting ground was used. Measurements of the radiated fields have been done at a few sites, and the results were incorporated in the numerical calculations as an incident field.

scholarly journals Antenna Systems for Base Station Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S) ◽  
pp. 733-736
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Communication System ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Primary Unit ◽  
Antenna Systems

Base Station is the primary unit of any mobile communication system. An antenna is the most important part of the Base Station as it is responsible for exchange of all the electrical signals and electromagnetic waves radiations. From the last two decades there is huge advancement in the mobile communications and so as in the antennas for the base stations. This advancement gives rise to new designs of antennas with different specifications for different applications. In this paper, we discussed different geometries, designed earlier for the base station applications. The structures and respective results of antennas are discussed in the paper.

he Parameters of Cardiovascular System of Organism of Women – Workers of Oil and Gas Complex in Conditions of Industrial Electromagnetic Waves

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Болтаев ◽  
A. Boltaev ◽  
Газя ◽  
G. Gazya ◽  
Майстренко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Classical Statistics ◽  
Stable Manner ◽  
Industrial Frequency

This article is dedicated to the study of electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency on the human body. A comparative analysis of the parameters of autonomic system of women‐ workers of oil and gas industry using the methods of classical statistics and the theory of chaos and self‐organization was found that that the degree of tension of the autonomic functions in the body women do not fall under the influence of an electromagnetic field in the labor process, is in a more stable manner compared with women, whose bodies are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. To a large extent the electromagnetic field has a negative effect on the organism of women older than 35 years.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS ON TRENDING ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE LEVELS AT HOMES AND PROXIMITY NEXT TO BASE STATIONS ALONG THREE YEARS IN A CITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman ÇEREZCİ ◽  
Baha KANBEROĞLU ◽  
Şuayb Çağrı YENER
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The City

Electromagnetic field exposure levels of people living in the closest houses to the GSM transmitting antennas were investigated in a city between 2010 and 2012. At the end of 3-year period, trend of the electromagnetic exposure levels was determined especially for indoor/outdoor environments near the base station antennas. Because of increasing number of base stations by years and changing of the technology, it is determined that average electromagnetic exposure values in the city increased in a certain extent each year. Total and frequency selective measurements were performed in indoor/outdoor places. The results were compared by International ICNIRP limits. In addition, possibility of the compliance with some European countries which have applied low limit values are discussed to minimize involuntary exposure to electromagnetic fields at indoor/outdoor environments. Consequently, a suggestion is made and discussed for obtaining relatively homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field exposure at indoor/outdoor environments near base station antennas to eliminate extent values.

scholarly journals Radiation Absorbed Dose Rates from Selected Mobile Phone Base Stations in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
A. O. Ilori ◽  
B. Adeleye
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Mobile Phone Base Station

The aim of this study is to measure the radiation dose from Mobile Phone Base Stations relative to human exposure at various locations within Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria by measuring the radiation dose at 10 - 100 metres distance away from the randomly selected base stations and compare the results with other studies/recommended exposure limit. A Victoreen radiation survey meter (fluke 451 model) was used to measure the radiation dose. The meter was calibrated with a calibration factor of 1.1 to standardized the values measured with international recommended standards. The average radiation dose reported for the studied area was 9.36, 11.28, 8.73, 10.17, 8.58, 9.80, 7.13, 10.05, 8.14 and 8.81 µSv/hr respectively. The mean value of radiation dose from the study area was 9.21 µSv/hr which is higher than the maximum permissible level of 5.7 µSv/hr recommended by the American Nuclear Society for persons within 0 – 100 m from a mobile phone base station. The values vary according to the distance which shows that the strength of the radiation field is greatest at the source and diminished quickly with distances. Results obtained for the present study showed that radiation emitted at mobile phone base station are at intensities that are thousands of times less than intensities that can produce a heating effect. Hence, the assumption from the results obtained for the present study area is that the radiation exposures from mobile phone base stations impose no health hazard as the limits recommended in the guidelines by International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection do not appear to have any known adverse consequence on human health.

scholarly journals THE RISKS OF MOBILE TELEPHONY AND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
A.A. de SALLES ◽  
C.R. FERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Base Station ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Radiated Energy

There has been a dramatic increase in the use of mobile phone technology in the last decades, with widespread benefits in many professional and private activities. In parallel with this, the concern regarding the possibility of adverse health effects due to the absorption of electromagnetic fields by humans also increased. For several years, many research groups in different countries were developing research projects on these subjects in the areas of medicine, biophysics, engineering, etc. Also, the World Health Organization (WHO) has coordinate efforts including many countries to access the existing scientific evidence of harmful health effects of non ionizing radiation (NIR) emitted from different communication equipment, such as the mobile phones and their base stations, with special emphasis to the non-thermal effects. In principle, the base stations radiate more energy. However, their antennas are usually located on the top of elevated towers (or masts) and the radiated energy is mainly concentrated in the horizontal direction. Therefore people are usually far from these antennas, and also in directions reasonably apart from those of maximum radiation. Because the conventional monopole (or whip) antennas being used now in mobile phones typically show a circular radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, they may radiate substantial levels of energy in almost all directions, very close to the body and during considerable time. It is observed that when they are operated very close to the user’s head (e.g., 2,5 cm or less) , most of energy is absorbed in the head tissues (such as the bone, the brain, eye, etc), and less energy is radiated to the nearest base station. This situation is undesirable since quality of communication is worse, and the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the user’s head and the battery drain are increased.

Hygienic strategy of mobile communication base station antennas radiofrequency electromagnetic field values modern control

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 583-586
Author(s):  
Lidia A. Lutsenko ◽  
Anna V. Sukhova ◽  
Rustam V. Turdyev
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Communications ◽  
Base Station Antennas ◽  
Energy Flux Density

Introduction. The urgency of the issue is due to the rapid development of new telecommunications and information technologies, the widespread introduction and distribution of cellular base stations (BS), which changes the conditions of contact of the population with sources of electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies (EMR RF). The aim of the study is to summarize the results of the analysis of the project documentation for the placement of mobile radiotelephone network BS in terms of comparability of calculated and actually measured levels of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from transmitting antennas; to determine the prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS. Materials and methods. For hygienic control of EMR levels, serial broadband meters PZ-42 and NBM-550 were used; the method according to MUC 4.3.1677-03 "Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field created by radiating technical means of television, FM radio broadcasting and base stations of land mobile radio communications". 74 BS were examined, whose antennas were a source of EMR at the frequency of 2620-2640 MHz with a power of 24.2-24.4 W. Results. The maximum length of the building restriction zone (BRZ) from the BS antennas ranged from 16 m to 101 m, regardless of the power of the radiating means, in 50% of cases the length of the BRZ was 30-45 m. In 40% of cases, BS antennas are installed on the roofs of low-rise buildings with BRZ at a height that falls to 5-10 meters from ground level. The excess of the calculated EMR values in terms of energy flux density (EFD) was determined for 50% of the BS. Instrumental measurements of EFD in 19.4% of cases showed excess remote, 11.1% - exceeding marked only by considering the expanded uncertainty (EU) measurement EFD. It was found that the values of EFD measured with EU are more closely approximated to the calculated values. Conclusions. Substantiated recommendations on whether the calculation of the era for height and length for the lower lobes in a radiation direction of antenna, recording ratio EU of the measured values of EFD for additional health human in multivariate emitters of EMR RF. The prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS operation are defined.

scholarly journals A Study on the Effects of Cellular Mobile Networks on People in Tikrit City Based on Power Density Measurements and Calculations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 4265-4270
Author(s):  
A. A. Salih ◽  
A. T. Saeed ◽  
Z. R. Saber
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radiated Power ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Base

In this paper, the emitted electromagnetic waves (EMW) from different cellular mobile base stations (BSs) have been measured and calculated in order to study their effects on public health. Moreover, a comparison between the effect of radiated power from the BSs on people who live near them and those who live away has been made by using OpenSignal software and calculated theoretically. The values of power density for different cells were also calculated to compare them with the maximum permissible exposure limit-the acceptable range values of power density. The measurements were done in Tikrit City considering ten cells and various locations and distances. The results show that most of the power density and EMV for the tested cells are within the acceptable range. However, power density and EMV for two of tested cells have hurtful effects in the long term for people who live near the BSs.

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