Design of Grounding Grid According to IEEE Standards

2018 ◽  
pp. 158-186
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Computerized Analysis ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Homogeneous Soil ◽  
Ieee Standards

This chapter contains the following points: design procedure of grounding system according to IEEE 80, methods for calculating the grounding grid resistance (Dwight's formula, Laurent and Niemann, Sverak's equation, Schwarz's Formula, Dawalibi, Mukhedkar's Formula, Chow and Salama's Formula, Nahman's Formula and Heppe's Method). It contains also the design of charts of grid earthing system and application of step and mesh potential in safe grounding system design. This chapter draws attention also to the following points: Grounding resistance of grounding system in non-homogeneous soil, calculations of maximum step and mesh voltages, estimation of minimum buried grid conductor length and finally computerized analysis in grounding design.

scholarly journals Grounding System Cost Analysis Using Optimization Algorithms

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jau-Woei Perng ◽  
Yi-Chang Kuo ◽  
Shih-Pin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Engineering Costs ◽  
System Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Touch Voltage ◽  
Resistance Value

In this study, the concept of grounding systems is related to the voltage tolerance of the human body (human body voltage tolerance safety value). The maximum touch voltage target and grounding resistance values are calculated in order to compute the grounding resistance on the basis of system data. Typically, the grounding resistance value is inversely proportional to the laying depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods. In other words, to improve the performance of the grounding system, either the layering depth of the grounding grid or the number of grounded copper rods should be increased, or both of them should be simultaneously increased. Better grounding resistance values result in increased engineering costs. There are numerous solutions for the grounding target value. Grounding systems are designed to find the combination of the layering depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods by considering both cost and performance. In this study, we used a fuzzy algorithm on the genetic algorithm (GA), multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, Bees, IEEE Std. 80-2000, and Schwarz’s equation based on a power company’s substation grounding system data to optimize the grounding resistance performance and reduce system costs. The MOPSO algorithm returned optimal results. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network curve is obtained by the MOPSO algorithm with three variables (i.e., number of grounded copper rods, grounding resistance value, and grounding grid laying depth), and the simulation results of the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) system are verified. This could be a future reference for substation designers and architects.

scholarly journals Effect of Non-Homogeneous Soil Characteristics on Substation Grounding-Grid Performances: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7468
Author(s):  
Navinesshani Permal ◽  
Miszaina Osman ◽  
Azrul Mohd Ariffin ◽  
Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Ground Resistance ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Homogeneous Soil

Designing an effective grounding system for AC substations needs predetermination of ground resistance and ground potential distribution caused by fault current’s presence in the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to have a suitable grounding grid structure in the soil properties in which the grid is buried. Though the soil composition where the grounding grid is located is typically non-homogeneous, the soil is often presumed to be homogeneous due to the complexities of grounding system analysis in non-homogeneous soil. This assumption will lead to inaccuracies in the computation of ground resistance and ground potentials. Although extensive research has been done on non-homogeneous soil structure, comprehensive literature on grounding system performance in non-homogeneous soil is yet to be reviewed. Thus, this paper reviews the effect of non-homogeneous soil on the grounding system, with different soil characteristics in horizontal and vertical two-layer soil structure and the horizontal three-layer soil structure. In addition, the effect of design parameters on the grounding performance in non-homogeneous soil conditions for non-transient fault conditions is also studied. The significance of this study is that it provides a comprehensive review of grounding performance as grounding design changes and their effects as soil layers and their corresponding features change. This knowledge will be useful in developing safe grounding designs in non-homogeneous soil.

Wavelet-based Analysis of Impulse Grounding Resistance–Experimental Study of the “A”-type Grounding System

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (19) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195
Author(s):  
Meludin Veledar ◽  
Samir Avdakovic ◽  
Zijad Bajramovic ◽  
Milan Savic ◽  
Koviljka Stankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance

Correlation Analysis between Grounding Resistance and Diurnal Variations of Upper Soil Resistivity during March 2010 in Balozhi, Latvia

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Kizhlo ◽  
Arvids Kanbergs ◽  
Mihails Kizhlo
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Electrical Safety ◽  
Soil Resistivity ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Local Topography

Correlation Analysis between Grounding Resistance and Diurnal Variations of Upper Soil Resistivity during March 2010 in Balozhi, LatviaThe accurate measurement of soil resistivity and grounding system resistance is fundamental to electrical safety. However, geological and meteorological factors can have a considerable effect on the accuracy of conventional measurements and the validity of the measurement methods. This paper examines some aspects of grounding measurements and grounding system performance in the context of both geological and meteorological effects.We are reporting the results of grounding measurements using the 3-point method with ground resistivity tester type M416. The measurements were conducted during selected period from 2010 March 1 to March 31 in Balozhi, Latvia. We also noted that the resistivity of the upper layer significantly varied from a point to another, reflecting difference in water content in the upper soil layer due to local topography and other parameters.

scholarly journals Inductive powering of subcutaneous stimulators: key parameters and their impact on the design methodology

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Godfraind ◽  
Adrien Debelle ◽  
Laurent Lonys ◽  
Vicente Acuña ◽  
Pascal Doguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Circuit ◽  
Implantable Medical Devices

Inductive powering of implantable medical devices involves numerous factors acting on the system efficiency and safety in adversarial ways. This paper lightens up their role and identifies a procedure enabling the system design. The latter enables the problem to be decoupled into four principal steps: the frequency choice, the magnetic link optimization, the secondary circuit and then finally the primary circuit designs. The methodology has been tested for the powering system of a device requirering a power of 300mW and implanted at a distance of 15 to 30mm from the outside power source. It allowed the identification of the most critical parameters. A satisfying efficiency of 34% was reached at 21mm and tend to validate the proposed design procedure.

scholarly journals Algorithms for U-Model-Based Dynamic Inversion (UM-Dynamic Inversion) for Continuous Time Control Systems

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruobing Li ◽  
Quanmin Zhu ◽  
Janice Kiely ◽  
Weicun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
System Design ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Control System Design ◽  
Dynamic Inversion ◽  
Wind Energy Conversion ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Energy Conversion System

To setup a universal proper user toolbox from previous individual research publications, this study generalises the algorithms for the U-model dynamic inversion based on the realisation of U-model from polynomial and state-space described continuous-time (CT) systems and presents the corresponding U-control system design in a systematic procedure. Then, it selects four CT dynamic plants plus a wind energy conversion system for simulation case studies in Matlab/Simulink to test/demonstrate the proposed U-model-based design procedure and dynamic inversion algorithms. This work can be treated as a U-control system design user manual in some sense.

scholarly journals A modeling analysis of grounding resistance and sea surface potential on the jacket foundation offshore wind turbines

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Shiqi Tao ◽  
Xiaoqing Zhang ◽  
Yaowu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Potential ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Modeling Analysis

Offshore wind turbines (WTs) are frequently exposed to the risk from lightning, storm, and waves. As a kind of fixed foundations, jacket foundation can effectively reduce the correlatively risk and loss. In order to provide more information about the lightning protection of jacket foundation, a simulation model has been built by simplifying the hollow steel tubes into a series of solid steel cylinders. And some conclusions on the grounding resistance of jacket foundation have been summarized in this paper by using the GSSAS (Grounding System Safe Analysis Software). According to the simulation results, the actual influential factors of grounding resistance, including the depth of seawater, the thickness of clay layer and the resistivity of gravel layer, have been analysed and compared. It is found that the grounding resistance is influenced most severely by the depth of seawater. In addition, the values of sea surface potential have been calculated by the software GSSAS and the three-dimensional diagrams of potential distribution have been mapped out.

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