scholarly journals Pelleting of Pine and Switchgrass Blends: Effect of Process Variables and Blend Ratio on the Pellet Quality and Energy Consumption

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Tumuluru
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Blend Ratios

The blending of woody and herbaceous biomass can influence pellet quality and the energy consumption of the process. This work aims to understand the pelleting characteristics of 2-inch top-pine residue blended with switchgrass at high moisture content. The process variables tested are blend moisture content, length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio in the pellet die, and the blend ratio. A flat die pellet mill was also used in this study. The pine and switchgrass blend ratios that were tested include: (1) 25% 2-inch top pine residue with 75% switchgrass; (2) 50% 2-inch top pine residue with 50% switchgrass; and (3) 75% 2-inch top pine residue with 25% switchgrass. The pelleting process conditions tested included the L/D ratio in the pellet die (i.e., 1.5 to 2.6) and the blend moisture content (20 to 30%, w.b.). Analysis of experimental data indicated that blending 25% switchgrass with 75% 2-inch top pine residue and 50% switchgrass with 50% 2-inch top pine residue resulted in pellets with a bulk density of > 550 kg/m3 and durability of > 95%. Optimization of the response surface models developed for process conditions in terms of product properties indicated that a higher L/D ratio of 2.6 and a lower blend-moisture content of 20% (w.b.) maximized bulk density and durability. Higher pine in the blends improved the pellet durability and reduced energy consumption.

scholarly journals Drying of Drill Cuttings: Emphasis on Energy Consumption and Thermal Analysis

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Tınmaz Köse
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
Drying System ◽  
Time And Energy

Drill cuttings, contaminated with drilling fluids, are characterized by their high moisture content, which can cause problems for collection, storage, and transportation. Additionally, the practice of disposing waste with high moisture content into sanitary landfills is undesirable and mostly forbidden. For that reason, drying of waste with high moisture content, such as drill cuttings, is an essential operation. In this work, microwave and conveyor belt drying processes for drying drill cuttings containing water-based drilling fluids were examined in a lab-scale study. The results of the study indicated that the microwave dryer has been shown to be advantageous in terms of time and energy consumption for drying of thin film layers, while the conveyor drying system was more appropriate for bulk drying.

scholarly journals Extrusion cooking of wet mixtures of wheat flour with carrot bagasse in technology of ready-to-eat products

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Sharikov ◽  
V. I. Stepanov ◽  
V. V. Ivanov ◽  
D. V. Polivanovskaya ◽  
M. A. Amelyakina
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Extrusion Cooking ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
By Products

The actual challenge for the food industry is the utilization of by-products of fruit and vegetable processing and their use in the production of enriched food products. It allows to use raw materials with a high content of biological active substances more efficiently and rationally. The possibility of using carrot bagasse as an ingredient in the preparation of extruded ready-to-eat product was studied. The wheat meal was used as core ingredient. The influence of the bagasse dosage on the extrusion conditions and the properties of the extrudates samples was studied. It was shown that an increase of the bagasse content more than 20% influenced the quality of the product negatively.The expansion index decreased more than 2 times and the bulk density increased by 40%. The method of additional steam venting from the middle part of the extruder chamber was investigated during the extrusion cooking of mixtures with the bagasse content more than 20% and moisture content 26.5, 28.9 and 34.5%.The indicator of the steam venting was the reduction of pressure in the degassing installation. As a result, the moisture content of the material in the die zone of the extruder chamber decreased. It was shown that additional steam venting during extrusion of high-moisture mixtures led to more severe extrusion conditions. The temperature, die pressure and torgue increased significantly. It imroved the quality of extrudates. Steam venting during extrusion of blends with 26.5 and 28.9% moisture increased expansion index more than 2 times and decreased the bulk density by 21-25%.Extrusion process of a mixture with a moisture content of 34.5% without and with steam venting was unstable and did not allowed to obtain samples of extrudates with acceptable quality. The proposed method for extrusion of high-moisture blend of wheat flour with carrot bagasse can be basis for developing technologies for the production of ready-to-eat extruded products using moist food by-products of fruits and vegetables processing.

scholarly journals Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Tumuluru ◽  
Dean Heikkila
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Hybrid Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Response Surface Models ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Tapped Density

Biomass could be a key source of renewable energy. Agricultural waste products, such as corn stover, provide a convenient means to replace fossil fuels, such as coal, and a large amount of feedstock is currently available for energy consumption in the U.S. This study has two main objectives: (1) to understand the impact of corn stover moisture content and grinder speed on grind physical properties; and (2) develop response surface models and optimize these models using a hybrid genetic algorithm. The response surface models developed were used to draw surface plots to understand the interaction effects of the corn stover grind moisture content and grinder speed on the grind physical properties and specific energy consumption. The surface plots indicated that a higher corn stover grind moisture content and grinder speed had a positive effect on the bulk and tapped density. The final grind moisture content was highly influenced by the initial moisture content of the corn stover grind. Optimization of the response surface models using the hybrid genetic algorithm indicated that moisture content in the range of 17 to 19% (w.b.) and a grinder speed of 47 to 49 Hz maximized the bulk and tapped density and minimized the geomantic mean particle length. The specific energy consumption was minimized when the grinder speed was about 20 Hz and the corn stover grind moisture content was about 10% (w.b.).

The effect on soil conditions of mechanized cultivation at high moisture content and of loosening by hand digging

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Gooderham
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Untimely ploughing and rotavation of a silt loam soil was found to increase bulk density, and mechanical resistance to a needle penetrometer probe, and to reduce air porosity. These effects were not found deeper than 8 cm, although measurements with a 13 mm field penetrometer probe indicated some increase in mechanical resistance down to 30 cm. The effect of untimely cultivations on soil conditions was small when compared with the effect of loosening by hand digging. This treatment reduced substantially the bulk density and mechanical resistance; it increased air porosity and moisture content of the subsoil. Although measurements of mechanical resistance with the laboratory penetrometer were 2·4 times those of the field penetrometer, there was nevertheless good correlation between measurements.

scholarly journals Effect of process conditions on Sandbox seed oil yield by mechanical expression: A response surface approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Onwe Nwabueze ◽  
Bamgboye Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Oil Expression ◽  
Expression Time ◽  
Roasting Time

Cost of solvent oil extraction methods has made mechanical oil expression a desirable alternative. The effect of process variables on mechanical oil expression from sandbox seed was studied. The experimental design used for the study was a 52 Central Composite Rotatable Design of Response Surface Methodology. Experimental factors considered were: moisture content, roasting temperature, roasting time, expression pressure and expression time. Results obtained were analyzed at a0.05. The oil yield from the sandbox seed ranged from 16.38-38.68%, and was increased at processing variable ranges of (4.0-8.0%) moisture content, (80.0-90.0°C) roasting temperature, (5.0-15.0%) roasting time, (15.0-20.0 MPa) expression pressure and (6.0-8.0 min) extraction time. The maximum oil yield of 38.68% was obtained at the processing conditions of 6% moisture content, 85 °C roasting temperature, 15 min roasting time, expression pressure of 20 MPa and 8 min pressing time. Model equation relating the process variables to oil yield was developed. Coefficient of determination (R2) relating the process was 0.8908. The result showed that moisture content, roasting time, expression pressure and expression time had a significant influence on the sandbox oil yield. The results obtained in this study can serve for process and equipment designs for oil extraction from sandbox and other oilseeds and nuts.

scholarly journals THE KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A VIBRATION CRUSHER FOR FEED GRAIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Ihor Kupchuk ◽  
Oleksіі Tokarchuk ◽  
Volodymyr Hontar ◽  
Mykhailo Zamrii
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Oscillatory System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Feed Material

The high level of energy use by domestic producers does not allow for the competitiveness of livestock products in the domestic and foreign markets. Therefore, the effective functioning of farming enterprises requires the development and implementation of technologies that meet world standards for energy efficiency and reduce energy losses. A very important and energy-consuming operation is the grinding of feed grains (wheat, barley, peas, corn, etc.). In the technological process of feed production, the share of energy consumption for grinding can reach up to 70%. Feed material usually has a high moisture content. In most cases, the grinding is performed by hammer mills. However, when grinding grain with high moisture content this crushing method (by hammer mills) is ineffective. This article is devoted to solving the actual problem: minimizing energy consumption for grinding of feed grains when making feed for farm animals namely the theoretical study of the motion laws of the proposed technological equipment. Presented schematic diagram vibrаtion disk-type crusher for feed material realizes the idea of a combined interaction of vibration and rotational motion of equipment, a combination of shock and cutting impact of work items on the material. This will allow to process raw material with high moisture content without significantly reducing the performance of the mashine and facilitates timely withdrawal of the product from the grinding zone. Also, in order to establish the values of velocity of mass centers constituents vibration equipment kinematic analysis of the given machine graphic-analytical methods of theoretical mechanics and the theory of mechanisms and machines was performed, including established patterns of change of linear velocity of the centers of mass and structural elements in the future will help determine the total kinetic energy of this oscillatory system.

Experimental Study on Drying High Moisture Paddy by Heat Pump Dryer with Heat Recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jinjiang ◽  
Wu Yaosen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

In this study, a heat pump dryer with heat recovery (HPHR) was employed to dry the paddy with high moisture content. The paddy (w. b.) was about 30% initial moisture content and 1200kg in each batch. After drying process, the final moisture content was 14%, and the average energy consumption of HPHR was 10.5kw•h/100kg (based on the weight of final paddy). The total drying time, drying cost and energy consumption were 88%, 64% and 58% of those using diesel-powered low-temperature heated air drying.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on the Energy Consumption, Physical, and Thermal Properties of a Novel Pellet Fuel Made from Wood Residues with Microalgae as a Binder

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui ◽  
Yang ◽  
Shi ◽  
Lei ◽  
Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Mechanical Durability

Co-pelletization of waste biomass and microalgae is an attractive option for using bioenergy efficiently. This work investigates the potential of microalgae as a binder to improve the energy consumption and physical and thermal properties of a novel pellet. Wood waste biomass was blended with microalgae in proportions of 15%, 30%, and 50% to investigate its properties using a single pelleting device and thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that, under the conditions of temperature (80–160 °C), pressure (120–200 MPa), and moisture content (6%–14%), blending microalgae can effectively increase the bulk density and mechanical durability of the pellets by 9%–36% and 0.7%–1.6%, respectively, and can significantly reduce the energy consumption of pelleting by 23.5%–40.4%. Blending microalgae can significantly reduce the energy consumption of pelleting by 23.5%–40.4%. Moreover, when the amount of Chlorella vulgaris powder (CVP) is 50%, a maximum bulk density (BD) of 1580.2 kg/m3, a durability (DU) of 98%, and a minimum energy consumption of 25.2 kJ/kg were obtained under the optimum conditions of temperature (120 °C), pressure (120 MPa), and moisture content (10%), respectively. Besides, the interaction between the microalgae and sawdust does exist, and their effect on the co-combustion process is inhibitive (0–300 °C) and accelerative (300–780 °C). When the amount of microalgae was 15%, the average activation energy of the pellet was a minimum value, which was 133.21 kJ/mol and 134.60 kJ/mol calculated by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method, respectively. Therefore, the energy consumption, physical, and thermal properties of the novel pellet could be improved and meet the ISO standard (International Organization for Standardization of 17225, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016) by blending 15% of microalgae. Overall, the use of microalgae as a binder can indeed improve pellet quality, and it can be considered a significant way to utilize microalgae in the future.

Soil deformation observations in a vertisol under field traffic

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Bakker ◽  
RJ Davis
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Grid Method ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Soil Deformation ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

A procedure based on the point grid method has been used to measure and visualize soil deformation resulting from tyre loads in a controlled traffic system. Several tests were performed in an irrigated heavy clay soil under various moisture conditions and two different geometries of the wheel tracks, recessed and elevated. This represented normal working conditions and illustrated that significant deformations were occurring. Deformations increased with moisture content and the number of passes. From the point grid displacements, bulk density changes were calculated which corresponded with the measured increases in density obtained from cores. Large displacements were observed when the soil was trafficked at high moisture content with little corresponding increase in bulk density. Soil structural degradation resulting from trafficking this soil at high moisture content should therefore be seen as a different process, such as a change in the orientation of clay particles or porosity of natural aggregates, rather than an increase in bulk density. Significant differences between vertical and horizontal displacements were found for the various tests. Increases in horizontal displacements were contributed to an increase in the degree of saturation. The recessed wheel tracks increased horizontal displacements due to the geometry of the wheel tracks.

scholarly journals Effects of Extrusion Conditions on Physical Properties of Sorghum Based Extruded Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Byreddy Naveena ◽  
Mohan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
High Temperature Short Time ◽  
Extruded Products

Extrusion cooking is a high temperature short time multivariable unit operation. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of feed parameters i.e., feed moisture (8-16%), blend ratio of sorghum:barley:bengal gram, (70:15:15 to 50:35:15) and machine parameters of twin screw extruder i.e., barrel temperature (120-200oC) and screw speed (120-200 rpm) on physical properties of extrudates i.e., mass flow rate, bulk density and moisture content. The results showed that maximum mass flow rate (0.974 g/s) was observed with the blend ratio 60:25:15, having 8 percent moisture (w.b) extruded at 160oC barrel temperature and a screw speed of 160 rpm. The bulk density of extrudates was found minimum (0.08 g/cc) at 10% moisture content, 65:20:15 blend ratio, 180oC barrel temperature and 180 rpm screw speed and the moisture content of extrudates was found minimum (4.74%) at 10% moisture content, 55:30:15 blend ratio, 180oC barrel temperature and 140 rpm screw speed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document