T2S2G: A Novel Two-Tier Secure Smart Grid Architecture to Protect Network Measurements

False data injection (FDI) attacks are a major security threat to smart grid (SG) communication systems. In FDI attacks, the attacker has the ability of modifying the measurements transmitted by smart grid entities such as smart meters, buses, etc. Many solutions have been proposed to mitigate FDI attacks in the SG. However, most of these solutions rely on centralized state estimation (SE), which is computationally expensive. To engulf this problem in FDI attack detection and to improve security of SGs, this paper proposes novel two-tier secure smart grid (T2S2G) architecture with distributed SE. In T2S2G, measurement collection and SE are involved in first tier while compromised meter detection is involved in second tier. Initially the overall SG system is divided into four sections by the weighted quad tree (WQT) method. Each section is provided with an aggregator, which is responsible to perform SE. Measurements from power grids are collected by remote terminal units (RTUs) and encrypted using a parallel enhanced elliptic curve cryptography (PEECC) algorithm. Then the measurements are transmitted to the corresponding aggregator. Upon collected measurements, aggregator estimates state using the amended particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm in a distributed manner. To verify authenticity of aggregators, each aggregator is authenticated by a logical schedule based authentication (LSA) scheme at the control server (CS). In the CS, fuzzy with a neural network (FNN) algorithm is employed for measurements classification. Our proposed T2S2G shows promising results in the following performance metrics: Estimation error, number of protected measurements, detection probability, successful detection rate, and detection delay.

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Toward More Efficient and More Secure Last Mile Smart Metering and Smart Lighting Communication Systems with the Use of PLC/RF Hybrid Technology

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks ◽

10.1155/2015/675926 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Piotr Kiedrowski

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Critical Infrastructure ◽

Low Cost ◽

Smart Metering ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Hybrid Technology ◽

Smart Lighting ◽

Last Mile ◽

Smart Grid Communication

This paper describes the last mile communication system solutions realized in PLC/RF hybrid technology, which is dedicated to Smart Grid communication subsystems, mainly for Smart Metering and Smart Lighting applications. The use of hybrid technology makes the system more efficient and more secure (still being of low cost, in terms of both implementation and operation). This paper proposes a novel parameter, PDR, to describe the performance of the communications in the last mile network. The communications are realized with the use of the narrowband power line communications technique, the low power wireless communications technique, and the combination of them. The cost analysis for the proposed solution is also done. Theoretical considerations, contained in the paper, are the result of the author’s experience in the design, implementation, and operation of the last mile Smart Grid communication systems, realized in the narrowband PLC or 433/868 MHz radio technology. These communication systems were developed for data acquisition and distribution between specific terminals, which are Smart Meters or Smart Lanterns. The aim of this paper is to outline superiorities of the hybrid technology, from which the most important is a low layer protection of the sensitive critical infrastructure, which undoubtedly is a last mile Smart Grid communication network.

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Survey of Big Data Role in Smart Grids: Definitions, Applications, Challenges, and Solutions

The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal ◽

10.2174/1874129001812010086 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 86-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mahmoud Ghofrani ◽

Andrew Steeble ◽

Christopher Barrett ◽

Iman Daneshnia

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Smart Grid ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Power Grids ◽

Time Data ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Communication Devices ◽

Big Data Technologies ◽

Big Data Application ◽

Real Time Data Processing

Objective:This paper provides a literature review on smart grids and big data. Smart grid refers to technologies used to modernize the energy delivery of traditional power grids, using intelligent devices and big data technologies.Methods:The modernization is performed by deploying equipment such as sensors, smart meters, and communication devices, and by invoking procedures such as real-time data processing and big data analysis. A large volume of data with high velocity and diverse variety are generated in a smart grid environment.Conclusion:This paper presents definitions and background of smart grid and big data. Current studies and research developments of big data application in smart grids are also introduced. Additionally, big data challenges in smart grid systems such as security and data quality are discussed.

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Smart Grid and Cloud Computing

Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering - Handbook of Research on Emerging Technologies for Electrical Power Planning, Analysis, and Optimization ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-9911-3.ch019 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 365-373

Author(s):

Girish Neelakanta Iyer ◽

Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Load Balancing ◽

Smart Grid ◽

Power Grid ◽

Power Grids ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Smart Power ◽

Average Delay ◽

Bandwidth Scheduling ◽

Limited Bandwidth

The network is created through a mixture of IT, communication technology and electrical power systems. The smart grid means it is “smarter” in the sense it has its own intelligence hence a smarter power grid. The generated resources are being decentralized by the smart power grids. The major challenges with the smart grid include huge number of smart meters. Due to the large traffic and limited bandwidth, scheduling is very important. Traditional algorithms will maximize the throughput or minimize the average delay may not be valid in smart grid. Power grid plays an important role in datacenters which forms the backbone for the cloud computing infrastructure. The cloud computing and smart grid interacts through the datacenters. The load balancing and robustness can be achieved through this datacenter and cloud system. Many cloud computing features help to achieve this load balancing.

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Optimal Method for Detecting Collusive Saboteur Smart Meters in Smart Grid

Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility ◽

10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.923 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

El Yazid Dari ◽

Ahmed Bendahmane ◽

Mohamed Essaaidi

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Optimization Problem ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Optimization Procedure ◽

Solution Procedure ◽

Original Method ◽

Cyber Attacks ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Grid Systems

Smart grid is a system in which it is possible to use voting-based techniques to resist sabotage of several cyber-attacks. The adaptation of these techniques can be difficult and useless in the case when the malicious resources (i.e., smart meters) of this system can return wrong data in same time; however, the collusion problem is triggered. To detect and resolve the collusive issue, spot-checking technique has been proposed by sending randomly certain number of spotter queries to chosen resources with known correct data in order to estimate resource credibility based on the returned data. This work proposes an original method that resist against collusion attacks by using probability to solving a new spot-checking optimization problem for smart grid systems, with the objective to minimize probability of accepting wrong data (PAWD) while respecting an expected overhead constraint. The proposed solution contains an optimal combination of several parameters, the number of spotter queries sent, the number of resources tested by each spotter query, and the number of resources assigned to run the genuine query. The optimization procedure includes a new method for evaluating performance metrics of PAWD and expected overhead in terms of the total number of query assignments. To demonstrate the proposed optimization problem and solution procedure, we have provided several illustrative examples.

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Towards Privacy-preserving Anomaly-based Attack Detection against Data Falsification in Smart Grid

2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm) ◽

10.1109/smartgridcomm47815.2020.9303009 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Ishimaki ◽

Shameek Bhattacharjee ◽

Hayato Yamana ◽

Sajal K. Das

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Privacy Preserving ◽

Attack Detection

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Hedge Fund Performance Using Scaled Sharpe And Treynor Measures

International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) ◽

10.19030/iber.v13i6.8920 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1261

Author(s):

Francois Van Dyk ◽

Gary Van Vuuren ◽

Andre Heymans

Keyword(s):

Hedge Funds ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Estimation Error ◽

Investment Decision ◽

Hedge Fund ◽

Fund Performance ◽

Performance Measure ◽

Sharpe Ratio ◽

Investment Funds ◽

Additional Information

The Sharpe ratio is widely used as a performance measure for traditional (i.e., long only) investment funds, but because it is based on mean-variance theory, it only considers the first two moments of a return distribution. It is, therefore, not suited for evaluating funds characterised by complex, asymmetric, highly-skewed return distributions such as hedge funds. It is also susceptible to manipulation and estimation error. These drawbacks have demonstrated the need for new and additional fund performance metrics. The monthly returns of 184 international long/short (equity) hedge funds from four geographical investment mandates were examined over an 11-year period.This study contributes to recent research on alternative performance measures to the Sharpe ratio and specifically assesses whether a scaled-version of the classic Sharpe ratio should augment the use of the Sharpe ratio when evaluating hedge fund risk and in the investment decision-making process. A scaled Treynor ratio is also compared to the traditional Treynor ratio. The classic and scaled versions of the Sharpe and Treynor ratios were estimated on a 36-month rolling basis to ascertain whether the scaled ratios do indeed provide useful additional information to investors to that provided solely by the classic, non-scaled ratios.

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A Nonlinear Model For The Optimal Capacity Placement In Self-Healing ATM Networks Based On Link Restoration Strategy

10.32920/ryerson.14657364 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ABM B. Alam

Keyword(s):

Communication Systems ◽

Large Scale ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ◽

Critical Issue ◽

Self Healing ◽

Network Failure ◽

Optimal Capacity ◽

Telecommunications Network ◽

Important Challenge

Network Survivability is a critical issue in telecommunications network due to increasing dependence of the society on communication systems. Fast restoration from a network failure is an important challenge that deserves attention. This thesis addresses an optimal link capacity design problem for survivable asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network based on the link restoration strategy. Given a projected traffic demands and the network topology, capacity and flow assignment are jointly optimized to yield the optimal capacity placement. The problem is formulated as large-scale nonlinear programming and is solved using a specific type of Lagrange method (so called Separable Augmented Lagrangian Algorithm or SALA for short). Several networks with diverse topological characteristics are used in the experiments to validate our proposed novel model, using capacity installation cost, routing cost, total network cost, used capacity and required CPU time, as performance metrics. Link restoration strategy is compared against global reconfiguration strategy using these performance metrics.

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Smart Metering for Applications

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.823 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 960-961 ◽

pp. 823-827

Author(s):

Ying Pan ◽

Bo Jiang

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Smart Meter ◽

Smart Metering ◽

Power Network ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Additional Information ◽

Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽

Energy Meter

As an important part of Smart Grid, smart metering attracts more and more attention all over the world. It is the way for energy consumer to sense the benefit of smart grid directly. Smart meter is an advanced energy meter that measures consumption of electrical energy providing additional information compared to a conventional energy meter. This paper discusses various applications and technologies that can be integrated with a smart meter. Smart meters can be used not only from the supply side monitoring but also for the demand side management as well. It plays an important role to monitor the performance and the energy usage of the grid loadings and power quality. In addition, This paper gives a comprehensive view on the benefit of smart metering in power network such as energy efficiency improvement.

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