scholarly journals Thermochromic Paints on External Surfaces: Impact Assessment for a Residential Building through Thermal and Energy Simulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Granadeiro ◽  
Margarida Almeida ◽  
Tiago Souto ◽  
Vítor Leal ◽  
João Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Step Transition ◽  
Linear Manner

This work addresses the effect of using thermochromic paints in residential buildings. Two different thermochromic paint types were considered: One that changes properties through a step transition at a certain temperature, and another that changes properties in a gradual/linear manner throughout a temperature range. The studied building was a two-floor villa, virtually simulated through a digital model with and without thermal insulation, and considering thermochromic paints applied both on external walls and on the roof. The performance assessment was done through the energy use for heating and cooling (in conditioned mode), as well as in terms of the indoor temperature (in free-floating mode). Three different cities/climates were considered: Porto, Madrid, and Abu Dhabi. Results showed that energy savings up to 50.6% could be reached if the building is operated in conditioned mode. Conversely, when operated in free-floating mode, optimally selected thermochromic paints enable reductions up to 11.0 °C, during summertime, and an increase up to 2.7 °C, during wintertime. These results point out the great benefits of using optimally selected thermochromic paints for obtaining thermal comfort, and also the need to further develop stable and cost-effective thermochromic pigments for outdoor applications, as well as to test physical models in a real environment.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

scholarly journals Humidity-Sensitive Demand-Controlled Ventilation Applied to Multi-Unit Residential Building – Performance and Energy Consumption in Dfb Continental Climate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Sowa ◽  
Maciej Mijakowski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Demand Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Continental Climate

A humidity-sensitive demand-controlled ventilation system is known for many years. It has been developed and commonly applied in regions with an oceanic climate. Some attempts were made to introduce this solution in Poland in a much severe continental climate. The article evaluates this system's performance and energy consumption applied in an 8-floor multi-unit residential building, virtual reference building described by the National Energy Conservation Agency NAPE, Poland. The simulations using the computer program CONTAM were performed for the whole hating season for Warsaw's climate. Besides passive stack ventilation that worked as a reference, two versions of humidity-sensitive demand-controlled ventilation were checked. The difference between them lies in applying the additional roof fans that convert the system to hybrid. The study confirmed that the application of demand-controlled ventilation in multi-unit residential buildings in a continental climate with warm summer (Dfb) leads to significant energy savings. However, the efforts to ensure acceptable indoor air quality require hybrid ventilation, which reduces the energy benefits. It is especially visible when primary energy use is analyzed.

scholarly journals Albanian Building Stock Typology and Energy Building Code in Progress Towards National Calculation Methodology of Performance on Heating and Cooling.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjergji Simaku
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Building Type ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Calculation Methodology

The expertise on building stock typology used openly available data from the Albanian statistical office. As the CENSUS was not especially designed for gathering data for the energetic evaluation of the building stock, some data were not available on the required level of detail. Estimations were necessary to extrapolate data to the existing stock. Technically, the study selected and described twenty representative categories of residential buildings typology for Albania. Were identified the level and the structure of final energy consumption at present and in the future by building age category, building type, climate zone, and energy end-use. Using an original template excel data sheet, were conducted the calculations of their thermal energy performance in three climate zones, designed standardized retrofit packages, calculated possible energy savings, and investment required by building type. The engineering principle of the Regulation in force, regarding to the legislative act of Energy Building Code in Albania, is beyond any doubt correct and carefully studied. The act is a rule book or the Regulation (energy building code - here The Code) which contains information that is sufficient to perform calculations of the different insulating layers for new construction after the year 2003. Also, the Regulation’s algorithms are still relevant in terms of calculation to provide Energy for heating demands in Albania. After 12 years, the Code remains the same and could provide either an optimal potential energy savings to the existing buildings, or an optimal cost-effective of building’s insulation without imposing a burden of high financial housing builders to multifamily prospective buyers. Based today Europe’s developments on Energy Performance of Buildings, the study is found relevant to provide a methodology for calculation of the energy performance in buildings (kWh/ m2a) based on volumetric coefficient heat losses (Gvt) for heating only, the existing indicator of the existing Code. The following study deals with the possibility of transposing the methodology used to the Code into an energy Performance based on minimum requirement for a new Regulation and/or EP Calculation Methodology based on efficient use of energy for heating and cooling purposes.

Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Effectiveness of Cool Roofs for Residential Applications

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Cool Roofs

This study determines the effects of cool roofs on a home’s energy use, specifically on heating and cooling energy end-uses. Representative cities were chosen for several ASHRAE US climate zones. A series of parametric simulations in EnergyPlus was carried out to assess the performance of cool roofs for selected prototypical residential building models using detailed simulation analysis. The simulation results are then correlated for each climate zone type to give an approximation of the best roof color per climate. The results are given based on total energy used as well as energy cost based on national average electricity and natural gas residential rates. This method allows builders and homeowners the choice between the most cost effective roofing type, and the most energy efficient in the case that they are not the same. Overall, it was found that in hot climates, it is more efficient to have a white roof, while a black roof benefits cooler climates. In mild and mixed climates, the effect of roof color was found rather are different for energy use and energy cost. Therefore the choice is determined by the owner’s requirements. In the cooler and milder climate zones, the analysis shows that the cost excess or savings is fairly small; usually under $10 difference per year. Hotter climates also have a relatively small effect, but more so than the cooler climates, with Phoenix especially showing a savings of $48.60 per year when a white roof is used over a black roof. Energy changes as low as only 4% in the as-built construction style, or as high as nearly 100% change in upgraded envelope cases were found. The study further finds that both the lack of an attic, and high efficiency envelopes increases the magnitude of the percent change in energy requirements.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN LIGHTING STANDARDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MODERN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
E.V. Vitvitskaya ◽  
◽  
D.V. Tarasevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Shielding Properties ◽  
Heat Shielding

Abstract. State regulations on the design of lighting in residential buildings in recent years have undergone significant changes, which in turn will significantly affect the architecture and energy efficiency of modern buildings of this type. This can be observed from the authors' analysis of the change in only one regulatory document given in this article – SCS (State Construction Standards) V.2.5-28: «Natural and artificial lighting» and only one lighting indicator: permissible deviation of the calculated value of CNL (coefficient of natural lighting) from the standardized value when choosing translucent structures of buildings. This article presents an analysis of this normative document in two versions – in the old one from 2012 and new from 2018. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors of this article found that, at the request of the architect, the area of translucent structures on the facades of two identical modern residential buildings can differ significantly: from the minimum with piece (separate) windows on the facades – where glazing occupies from 14.3% to 18.3% of the area of the facades; up to maximum with continuous glazing of facades – where glazing occupies up to 100% of the area of the facades of a residential building. These two facade glazing options are not only architecturally perceived differently, but they must also have different energy efficiency in order to provide different minimum allowable values of heat transfer resistance: for piece (individual) windows on the facade, this is R∑ ≥ Rq min = 0.6 m2•K/W and ordinary silicate glasses are suitable for their glazing, and for continuous glazing of the facade this should already be R∑ ≥ Rq min = 2.8 m2•K/W, that is, they must have the same heat-shielding properties as the outer walls, and their minimum allowable value of the heat transfer resistance must be 4.66 times more than for piece (separate) windows. For this option, ordinary silicate glass is no longer suitable, but modern glass-transparent structures with high heat-shielding properties should be used, for example Qbiss_Air, Pilkington, Heat Mirror Glass and others. They provide excellent protection against hypothermia in winter and overheating in summer, and have good sun protection properties. Their use in modern buildings contributes to energy savings for heating and cooling rooms throughout the year and creates increased comfort, but such translucent structures are much more expensive and better suited for elite housing construction than for social.

scholarly journals Total Solar Reflectance Optimization of the External Paint Coat in Residential Buildings Located in Mediterranean Climates

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2729
Author(s):  
Tiago Souto ◽  
Margarida Almeida ◽  
Vítor Leal ◽  
João Machado ◽  
Adélio Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
R Software ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Solar Reflectance ◽  
Parametric Studies

This work addresses the effect of the total solar reflectance (TSR) value of paints applied in residential buildings upon their thermal performance. A semi-detached residential building was modeled in the ESP-r software, and taken as the basis for parametric studies which assessed the effects of variations in (i) the TSR values; (ii) the thermal characteristics of the building envelope; (iii) the location/climate; and: (iv) the way how the indoor temperature is controlled. The parametric studies were used to find optimal TSR values for each combination of Location + Building envelope characteristics (mainly the existence of thermal insulation). It was concluded that paints having a carefully chosen TSR value lead to better indoor thermal temperatures if the buildings have no mechanical heating or cooling, or to energy savings of up to 32% if they do.

scholarly journals Clothing behaviour in Belgian homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Silke Verbruggen ◽  
Els De Ceuster ◽  
Marc Delghust ◽  
Jelle Laverge
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Outdoor Temperature ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Clothing Insulation ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
The Mean

Clothing has a direct influence on the thermal comfort of an occupant and so, indirectly on the energy use of a building. Literary sources point out a lack of data about clothing behaviour in residential buildings. In order to assess the clothing behaviour two kinds of surveys are created: logbook surveys and online questionnaires. Both surveys are executed between March 11 and April 5, 2019. The mean clothing insulation worn during the investigation period is 0.58 clo. This clo-value differs from the clothing insulation values provided by Fanger, which are 1.0 clo for winter months and 0.5 clo for summer months. The influence of the indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, weather history memory, gender and age on the clothing behaviour is analysed. All variables have a small significant influence on the clo-value. It was found that occupants tend to wear the same clothes when they are at home. So, each participant clothes him/herself to be comfortable in their clothes and in the temperature of their own room. People who are used to live in lower indoor temperatures will, and are used to, wear more clothing insulation to be thermally comfortable than people living in warmer indoor temperatures. An adjustment in clothing behaviour can make a big impact on the energy use of residential buildings. A decrease in indoor temperature of 1°C can lead to heating energy savings of 10%. To remain thermally comfortable, the occupant must only wear an extra insulation value of 0.17 clo, which corresponds with a shirt. The question remains if occupants will effectively use the opportunity of changing clothes to lower their energy use.

scholarly journals Towards climate resilient residential buildings: learning from traditional typologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2042 (1) ◽  
pp. 012146
Author(s):  
D Mohaibesh ◽  
S Monna ◽  
H Qadi ◽  
R Sokkar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Proposed Model

Abstract Climate-resilient buildings in Palestine can play an important role in a more sustainable residential building sector. This paper aims at evaluating the effects of adopting architectural design strategies and material technologies from vernacular architecture to create a new climate-resilient building. The paper targets single houses as these represent the majority of residential buildings in suburban and rural areas, and are similar to the vernacular architecture in size and functionality. The EDSL Tas simulation tool was used to assess the thermal performance and energy savings in the proposed model compared with traditional houses and modern typical houses, in two different climatic zones. The proposed climate-resilient house has materials and design strategies derived from vernacular architecture, in addition to the use of thermal insulation. The results show that the proposed house is more climate-resilient compared to modern houses. In cold winter and hot summer climates, the proposed model presents a total annual heating and cooling energy consumption of 59% less than typical modern houses, and 5% more than old buildings. In hot arid summer and warm winter climates, the proposed house presents a total annual heating and cooling energy consumption of 58% less than a modern typical house and 8% more than the traditional house.

Optimal Control Strategies for Switchable Roof Insulation Systems Applied to US Residential Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar H. A. Dehwah ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Optimal Controls ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Rule Sets

Abstract Switchable building envelope systems, including passive and active systems, have recently seen an increase interest in the literature. Unlike static insulation, switchable insulation systems (SISs) have the ability to adjust the thermal properties of envelope elements. Advanced control strategies for SISs are evaluated in this analysis using genetic algorithm-based optimization techniques. In particular, this study investigates the potential heating and cooling energy savings for deploying optimal controls specific to SIS technologies when applied to residential roofs located in representative US climates. Moreover, energy use and peak demand savings obtained by optimal controls are compared with those obtained from the 2-step rule-based controls. Overall, the analysis results indicate that the maximum monthly additional savings obtained by optimal controls can reach up to 32% compared with 2-step rule sets when an annual analysis is conducted for a residential building located in Golden, CO.

scholarly journals Optimal Control Strategies for Switchable Transparent Insulation Systems Applied to Smart Windows for US Residential Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dabbagh ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Optimal Controls ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Rule Set

This paper evaluates the potential energy use and peak demand savings associated with optimal controls of switchable transparent insulation systems (STIS) applied to smart windows for US residential buildings. The optimal controls are developed based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify the automatic settings of the dynamic shades. First, switchable insulation systems and their operation mechanisms are briefly described when combined with smart windows. Then, the GA-based optimization approach is outlined to operate switchable insulation systems applied to windows for a prototypical US residential building. The optimized controls are implemented to reduce heating and cooling energy end-uses for a house located four US locations, during three representative days of swing, summer, and winter seasons. The performance of optimal controller is compared to that obtained using simplified rule-based control sets to operate the dynamic insulation systems. The analysis results indicate that optimized controls of STISs can save up to 81.8% in daily thermal loads compared to the simplified rule-set especially when dwellings are located in hot climates such as that of Phoenix, AZ. Moreover, optimally controlled STISs can reduce electrical peak demand by up to 49.8% compared to the simplified rule-set, indicating significant energy efficiency and demand response potentials of the SIS technology when applied to US residential buildings.

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