Technical and Economic Analysis of One-Stop Charging Stations for Battery and Fuel Cell EV with Renewable Energy Sources

Currently, most of the vehicles make use of fossil fuels for operations, resulting in one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The need to cut our dependency on these fossil fuels has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs) for mobility purposes. A technical and economic analysis of a one-stop charging station for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is investigated in this paper. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) software and the heavy-duty refueling station analysis model (HDRSAM) are used to conduct the case study for a one-stop charging station at Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Risø campus. Using HOMER, a total of 42 charging station scenarios are analyzed by considering two systems (a grid-connected system and an off-grid connected system). For each system three different charging station designs (design A-hydrogen load; design B-an electrical load, and design C-an integrated system consisting of both hydrogen and electrical load) are set up for analysis. Furthermore, seven potential wind turbines with different capacity are selected from HOMER database for each system. Using HDRSAM, a total 18 scenarios are analyzed with variation in hydrogen delivery option, production volume, hydrogen dispensing option and hydrogen dispensing option. The optimal solution from HOMER for a lifespan of twenty-five years is integrated into design C with the grid-connected system whose cost was $986,065. For HDRSAM, the optimal solution design consists of tube trailer as hydrogen delivery with cascade dispensing option at 350 bar together with high production volume and the cost of the system was $452,148. The results from the two simulation tools are integrated and the overall cost of the one-stop charging station is achieved which was $2,833,465. The analysis demonstrated that the one-stop charging station with a grid connection is able to fulfil the charging demand cost-effectively and environmentally friendly for an integrated energy system with RESs in the investigated locations.

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Optimal Decision-Making to Charge Electric Vehicles in Heterogeneous Networks: Stackelberg Game Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12020325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shijun Chen ◽

Huwei Chen ◽

Shanhe Jiang

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Heterogeneous Networks ◽

Demand Uncertainty ◽

Stackelberg Game ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Stackelberg Equilibrium ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Charging Station ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Grid Operators

Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to improve the efficiency of energy and prevent the environment from being polluted, when they are widely and reasonably used in the transport system. However, due to the feature of EV’s batteries, the charging problem plays an important role in the application of EVs. Fortunately, with the help of advanced technologies, charging stations powered by smart grid operators (SGOs) can easily and conveniently solve the problems and supply charging service to EV users. In this paper, we consider that EVs will be charged by charging station operators (CSOs) in heterogeneous networks (Hetnet), through which they can exchange the information with each other. Considering the trading relationship among EV users, CSOs, and SGOs, we design their own utility functions in Hetnet, where the demand uncertainty is taken into account. In order to maximize the profits, we formulate this charging problem as a four-stage Stackelberg game, through which the optimal strategy is studied and analyzed. In the Stackelberg game model, we theoretically prove and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). Using the proposed iterative algorithm, the optimal solution can be obtained in the optimization problem. The performance of the strategy is shown in the simulation results. It is shown that the simulation results confirm the efficiency of the model in Hetnet.

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Methodology for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid Charging Station of Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles Supplied by Renewable Energies and an Energy Storage System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11205743 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 5743 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Higinio Sánchez-Sáinz ◽

Carlos-Andrés García-Vázquez ◽

Francisco Llorens Iborra ◽

Luis M. Fernández-Ramírez

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Fuel Cell ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Storage System ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Storage System ◽

Design System ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electrical Generation

The global energy system is changing, mainly to achieve sustainable transport technologies and clean electrical generation based on renewable sources. Thus, as fuels, electricity and hydrogen are the most promising transport technologies in order to reduce greenhouse emissions. On the other hand, photovoltaic and wind energies, including energy storage, have become the main sources of distributed generation. This study proposes a new optimal-technical sizing method based on the Simulink Design Optimization of a stand-alone microgrid with renewable energy sources and energy storage to provide energy to a wireless power transfer system to charge electric vehicles along a motorway and to a hydrogen charging station for fuel cell-powered buses. The results show that the design system can provide energy for the charging of electric vehicles along the motorway and produce the hydrogen consumed by the fuel cell-buses plus a certain tank reserve. The flexibility of the study allows the analysis of other scenarios, design requirements, configurations or types of microgrids.

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Optimum Resilient Operation and Control DC Microgrid Based Electric Vehicles Charging Station Powered by Renewable Energy Sources

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12224240 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 4240 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Khairy Sayed ◽

Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil ◽

Ali S. Alghamdi

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Management ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Dc Microgrid ◽

Charging Station ◽

And Control ◽

Ev Charging

This paper introduces an energy management and control method for DC microgrid supplying electric vehicles (EV) charging station. An Energy Management System (EMS) is developed to manage and control power flow from renewable energy sources to EVs through DC microgrid. An integrated approach for controlling DC microgrid based charging station powered by intermittent renewable energies. A wind turbine (WT) and solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are integrated into the studied DC microgrid to replace energy from fossil fuel and decrease pollution from carbon emissions. Due to the intermittency of solar and wind generation, the output powers of PV and WT are not guaranteed. For this reason, the capacities of WT, solar PV panels, and the battery system are considered decision parameters to be optimized. The optimized design of the renewable energy system is done to ensure sufficient electricity supply to the EV charging station. Moreover, various renewable energy technologies for supplying EV charging stations to improve their performance are investigated. To evaluate the performance of the used control strategies, simulation is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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Optimal Quick Charging Station Placement for Electric Vehicles

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.697 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 785 ◽

pp. 697-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md. Mainul Islam ◽

Hussein Shareef ◽

Azah Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Road Transport ◽

Optimal Placement ◽

Charging Station ◽

Weighted Sum Method ◽

Driving Range ◽

Integrated Cost

Environmental concerns, dependency on imported petroleum and lower cost alternative to gasoline always motivated policymakers worldwide to introduce electric vehicles in road transport system as a solution of those problems. The key issue in this system is recharging the electric vehicle batteries before they are exhausted. Thus, the charging station should be carefully located to make sure the vehicle users can access the charging station within its driving range. This paper therefore proposes a multi-objective optimization method for optimal placement of quick charging station. It intends to minimize the integrated cost of grid energy loss and travelling of vehicle to quick charging station. Due to contrary objectives, weighted sum method is assigned to generate reference Pareto optimal front and optimized the overture by genetic algorithm. The results show that the proposed method can find the optimal solution of quick charging station placement that can benefit electric vehicle users and power grid.

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Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid Communications - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1829-7.ch016 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 313-349

Author(s):

Azhar Ul-Haq ◽

Marium Azhar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Area Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations

This chapter presents a detailed study of renewable energy integrated charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) and discusses its various aspects such as siting requirements, standards of charging stations, integration of renewable energy sources for powering up charging stations and interfacing devices between charging facilities and smart grid. A smart charging station for EVs is explained along with its essential components and different charging methodologies are explained. It has been recognized that the amalgamation of electric vehicles in the transportation sector will trigger power issues due to the mobility of vehicles beyond the stretch of home area network. In this regard an information and communication technology (ICT) based architecture may support EVs management with an aim to enhance the electric vehicle charging and energy storage capabilities with the relevant considerations. An ICT based solution is capable of monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of EV batteries, health and accessible amount of energy along with the mobility of EVs.

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Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Network Planning via a Co-Evolution Approach

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13010025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hassan S. Hayajneh ◽

Xuewei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Optimization Problems ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Optimal Planning ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging

The optimal planning of electric vehicle charging infrastructure has attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Most of the optimization problems were formulated by assuming that the configurations will be fixed at the optimal solution while overlooking the fact that the charging stations and the electric vehicles are “evolving” over time and have mutual impacts. On the other hand, little attention has been paid to evaluate the performance of the solutions in such a dynamic environment. Motivated by these gaps, this work develops a simulation model that captures the interactions between charging station configurations and electric vehicle population (and the preference of electric vehicles when choosing charging station). This modeling framework is then implemented to evaluate the performance of planned charging infrastructure in providing services to electric vehicles. Two indicators are calculated, i.e., usage rate and rejection rate. The former measures the “waste” due to abundant facilities installed; the latter measures the inadequacy of planned facilities, especially when the electric vehicle population is larger. The simulation results presented in this work validate the model and show the potential of the model not only to evaluate designs but also to be used for optimal planning in subsequent works.

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Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12040720 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 720 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Neofytos Neofytou ◽

Konstantinos Blazakis ◽

Yiannis Katsigiannis ◽

Georgios Stavrakakis

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Frequency Regulation ◽

Charging Station ◽

Battery Capacity ◽

Regulation Services ◽

Primary Frequency ◽

The Impact

The rapid development of technology used in electric vehicles, and in particular their penetration in electricity networks, is a major challenge for the area of electric power systems. The utilization of battery capacity of the interconnected vehicles can bring significant benefits to the network via the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) operation. The V2G operation is a process that can provide primary frequency regulation services in the electric network by exploiting the total capacity of a fleet of electric vehicles. In this paper, the impact of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the primary frequency regulation is studied and the effects PHEVs cause in non-interconnected isolated power systems with significant renewable energy sources (RES) penetration. Also it is taken into consideration the requirements of users for charging their vehicles. The V2G operation can be performed either with fluctuations in charging power of vehicles, or by charging or discharging the battery. So an electric vehicle user can participate in V2G operation either during the loading of the vehicle to the charging station, or by connecting the vehicle in the charging station without any further demands to charge its battery. In this paper, the response of PHEVs with respect to the frequency fluctuations of the network is modeled and simulated. Additionally, by using the PowerWorld Simulator software, simulations of the isolated power system of Cyprus Island, including the current RES penetration are performed in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of V2G operation in its primary frequency regulation.

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Energy savings approach to optimal location of EV charging stations in microgrids

Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal ◽

10.24084/repqj19.207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Vishnu Suresh ◽

◽

Przemyslaw Janik ◽

Dominika Kaczorowska

Keyword(s):

Energy Management ◽

Interior Point Method ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Optimal Location ◽

Energy Management System ◽

Charging Station ◽

The One ◽

Charging Stations ◽

Ev Charging

This paper presents an analytical approach to finding an optimal location for an EV charging station based on energy savings in a local microgrid. The analysis is carried out on days obtained by clustering yearly load data and by running an energy management system that runs on MATLAB interior point method. The microgrid is composed of both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The charging station is equipped with a controlled charging feature and this study considers 2 EV charging strategies out of which the one benefitting the power system is adopted.

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Technical and economic calculation of a solar-powered charging station for electric vehicles

Automobile Transport ◽

10.30977/at.2019-8342.2021.49.0.05 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Andrii Hnatov ◽

Shchasiana Arhun ◽

Hanna Hnatova ◽

Pavlo Sokhin

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Economic Indicators ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Economic Calculation ◽

Charging Station ◽

Solar Powered ◽

Technical And Economic Indicators

Problem. Development and implementation of green technologies is both an urgent and a cost-effective scientific and engineering task. Therefore, the issues related to the study of renewable energy sources, which are used as the main sources of energy for electric vehicles, are quite relevant and promising. At the same time, an equally important question is how profitable is building solar charging stations in terms of both ecology and economy. Goal. The aim is calculation and analysis of technical and economic indicators of a solar charging station for electric vehicles (EV). Methodology. The analytical methods of studying the development and application of the ways and devices to transform the energy of the sun into electricity are used, as well as the methods of experimental research and mathematical methods of processing and modulation of the received results; methods of calculating technical and economic indicators. Results. The review of the literature on the development of renewable energy sources, in particular, solar power plants, and the spread of electric vehicles with the gradual displacement (replacement) of traditional cars working on internal combustion engines with electric vehicles (BEV and PHEV) was made. The main parameters and technical characteristics of the solar-powered charging station (SPCS) were studied. For the analysis and calculation of technical and economic indicators of SPCS for EV it is offered to take a SPP with a capacity of 20 kW as a basis. The calculation of SPCS electricity generation both for own consumption and for power supply of EV and the sale of surplus electricity to the general network at the “green tariff” was carried out. Originality. The technical and economic calculation of SCS was made taking into account the rise of electricity prices in Kharkiv region (Ukraine). Practical value. According to the analysis of the obtained results, it can be said that the payback period of SPCS for EV is about 7.9 years. If we consider the constant increase in the cost of electricity (approximately 15% per year), we can expect the payback after 6.8 years of operation.

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