scholarly journals Economic Viability of Renewable Energy Communities under the Framework of the Renewable Energy Directive Transposed to Austrian Law

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Fina ◽  
Hans Auer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Electricity Transfer ◽  
Austrian Law

This study is concerned with the national transposition of the European Renewable Energy Directive into Austrian law. The objective is to estimate the economic viability for residential customers when participating in a renewable energy community (REC), focused on PV electricity sharing. The developed simulation model considers the omission of certain electricity levies as well as the obligatory proximity constraint being linked to grid levels, thus introducing a stepwise reduction of per-unit grid charges as an incentive to keep the inner-community electricity transfer as local as possible. Results show that cost savings in residential RECs cover a broad range from 9 EUR/yr to 172 EUR/yr. The lowest savings are gained by customers without in-house PV systems, while owners of a private PV system make the most profits due to the possibility of selling as well as buying electricity within the borders of the REC. Generally, cost savings increase when the source is closer to the sink, as well as when more renewable electricity is available for inner-community electricity transfer. The presence of a commercial customer impacts savings for households insignificantly, but increases local self-consumption approximately by 10%. Despite the margin for residential participants to break even being narrow, energy community operators will have to raise a certain participation fee. Such participation fee would need to be as low as 2.5 EUR/month for customers without in-house PV systems in a purely residential REC, while other customers could still achieve a break-even when paying 5 EUR/month to 6.7 EUR/month in addition. Those results should alert policy makers to find additional support mechanisms to enhance customers’ motivations to participate if RECs are meant as a concept that should be adopted on a large scale.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Potential of Hosting Capacity and the Frequency Stability of a Regional Grid with Increasing Penetration Level of Large-Scale PV Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1254
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Siddig Omer ◽  
Yuehong Su
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Frequency Stability ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Grid Operators ◽  
Net Load

It is widely believed that the incorporation of renewable energy to the current power grid is the way forward in achieving sustainable power generation. Currently, with the reduction of PV prices, many countries have started connecting PV systems into their grid network, hence leading to a sharp increase of the penetration levels of renewable electricity production. This will bring significant change in the load pattern and the ramping requirements of the grid’s conventional generation system due to the varying nature of the renewable energy generation. This significant change affects the stability of the grid frequency because it becomes more challenging for the system operators to maintain the equilibrium between the generation and load. Additionally, this significant change affects the PV system potential hosting capacity of the traditional grid because of the PV system’s curtailment in order to comply with the constraints of the grid’s conventional generation system. In this paper, the net load, grid frequency stability, and grid potential hosting capacity are evaluated in the situation of increasing the penetration level of large-scale PV systems generation into the grid. The results show that the grid operators will face increasingly variable net load patterns and steeper ramping events as the PV system penetration level increases. Additionally, the results show the requirement of having flexibility measures that target each grid constraint as the PV system penetration level increases.

scholarly journals Proposing an Ontology Model for Planning Photovoltaic Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-600
Author(s):  
Farhad Khosrojerdi ◽  
Stéphane Gagnon ◽  
Raul Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Semantic Web Technologies ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Energy Community

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system is negatively affected when operating under shading conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) systems are used to overcome this hurdle. Designing an efficient MPPT-based controller requires knowledge about power conversion in PV systems. However, it is difficult for nontechnical solar energy consumers to define different parameters of the controller and deal with distinct sources of data related to the planning. Semantic Web technologies enable us to improve knowledge representation, sharing, and reusing of relevant information generated by various sources. In this work, we propose a knowledge-based model representing key concepts associated with an MPPT-based controller. The model is featured with Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL), allowing the system planner to extract information about power reductions caused by snow and several airborne particles. The proposed ontology, named MPPT-On, is validated through a case study designed by the System Advisor Model (SAM). It acts as a decision support system and facilitate the process of planning PV projects for non-technical practitioners. Moreover, the presented rule-based system can be reused and shared among the solar energy community to adjust the power estimations reported by PV planning tools especially for snowy months and polluted environments.

scholarly journals Influence of Parasitic Parameters on DC–DC Converters and Their Method of Suppression in High Frequency Link 35 kV PV Systems

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3743
Author(s):  
Rui Li ◽  
Fangyuan Shi ◽  
Xu Cai ◽  
Haibo Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Zero Voltage Switching ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Magnetic Inductance ◽  
Parasitic Parameters ◽  
Saturable Inductor ◽  
Secondary Side ◽  
Pv Power Generation

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has shown a trend towards large-scale medium- or high-voltage integration in recent years. The development of high-frequency link PV systems is necessary for the further improvement of system efficiency and the reduction of system cost. In the system, high-frequency high-step-up ratio LLC converters are one of the most important parts. However, the parasitic parameters of devices lead to a loss of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) in the LLC converter, greatly reducing the efficiency of the system, especially in such a high-frequency application. In this paper, a high-frequency link 35 kV PV system is presented. To suppress the influences of parasitic parameters in the LLC converter in the 35 kV PV system, the influence of parasitic parameters on ZVS is analyzed and expounded. Then, a suppression method is proposed to promote the realization of ZVS. This method adds a saturable inductor on the secondary side to achieve ZVS. The saturable inductor can effectively prevent the parasitic elements of the secondary side from participating in the resonance of the primary side. The experimental results show that this method achieves a higher efficiency than the traditional method by reducing the magnetic inductance.

scholarly journals Optimum Renewable Fraction for Grid-connected Photovoltaic in Office Building Energy Systems in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayong Hiendro ◽  
Ismail Yusuf ◽  
F. Trias Pontia Wigyarianto ◽  
Kho Hie Khwee ◽  
Junaidi Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Building Energy Systems

<span lang="EN-US">This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO<sub>2</sub> emission.</span>

scholarly journals Large Photovoltaic Power Plants Integration: A Review of Challenges and Solutions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansouri ◽  
Lashab ◽  
Sera ◽  
Guerrero ◽  
Cherif
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Voltage Limit ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Scale Integration

Renewable energy systems (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are providing increasingly larger shares of power generation. PV systems are the fastest growing generation technology today with almost ~30% increase since 2015 reaching 509.3 GWp worldwide capacity by the end of 2018 and predicted to reach 1000 GWp by 2022. Due to the fluctuating and intermittent nature of PV systems, their large-scale integration into the grid poses momentous challenges. This paper provides a review of the technical challenges, such as frequency disturbances and voltage limit violation, related to the stability issues due to the large-scale and intensive PV system penetration into the power network. Possible solutions that mitigate the effect of large-scale PV system integration on the grid are also reviewed. Finally, power system stability when faults occur are outlined as well as their respective achievable solutions.

Economical Design of Wind-Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan W. Stewart ◽  
Lucas T. Witmer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine System ◽  
Penn State ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy

Every location on Earth has its own unique set of natural resources to draw upon for sustainable energy production. As these resources are generally of an intermittent nature, hybrid systems will be necessary in many situations to achieve economical energy independence while meeting our inconsistent demands for electricity with minimal or no energy storage. Wind and solar resources often have complimentary attributes that combined can more closely match energy load requirements. This match can be customized for optimum economy by adjusting the orientation and design of the PV system as well as the rotor length and generator size of the wind turbine system. Different load requirements and electricity rate structures require a different design approach in order to achieve optimum cost savings. Using the Penn State SURFRAD wind speed and solar radiation data set the design process for solar-wind hybrid renewable energy systems is explored for the case of a grid-tied residential scale application with a time of use electricity rate structure.

scholarly journals The Technical Challenges Facing the Integration of Small-Scale and Large-scale PV Systems into the Grid: A Critical Review

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Siddig Omer ◽  
Yuehong Su ◽  
Elamin Mohamed ◽  
Saleh Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Technical Challenges ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Decarbonisation, energy security and expanding energy access are the main driving forces behind the worldwide increasing attention in renewable energy. This paper focuses on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology because, currently, it has the most attention in the energy sector due to the sharp drop in the solar PV system cost, which was one of the main barriers of PV large-scale deployment. Firstly, this paper extensively reviews the technical challenges, potential technical solutions and the research carried out in integrating high shares of small-scale PV systems into the distribution network of the grid in order to give a clearer picture of the impact since most of the PV systems installations were at small scales and connected into the distribution network. The paper reviews the localised technical challenges, grid stability challenges and technical solutions on integrating large-scale PV systems into the transmission network of the grid. In addition, the current practices for managing the variability of large-scale PV systems by the grid operators are discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by summarising the critical technical aspects facing the integration of the PV system depending on their size into the grid, in which it provides a strong point of reference and a useful framework for the researchers planning to exploit this field further on.

scholarly journals Solar Assisted Power Generation System in Hot Desert Climate: A Cost-Benefit Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Alahmadi ◽  
◽  
Kamel Almutairi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems

With the increasing global concerns about greenhouse gas emissions caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels, many countries are investing in the deployment of clean energy sources. The utilization of abundant solar energy is one of the fastest growing deployed renewable sources due its technological maturity and economic competitivity. In addition to report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), many studies have suggested that the maturity of solar energy systems will continue to develop, which will increase their economic viability. The focus of analysis in this paper is countries with hot desert climates since they are the best candidates for solar energy systems. The capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh is used as the case study due to the country’s ambitious goals in this field. The main purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the stochastic behavior and probabilistic distribution of solar irradiance in order to accurately estimate the expected power output of solar systems. A solar Photovoltaic (PV) module is used for the analysis due to its practicality and widespread use in utility-scale projects. In addition to the use of a break-even analysis to estimate the economic viability of solar PV systems in hot desert climates, this paper estimates the indifference point at which the economic feasibility of solar PV systems is justified, compared with the fossil-based systems. The numerical results show that the break-even point of installing one KW generation capacity of a solar PV system is estimated to pay off after producing 16,827 KWh, compared to 15,422 KWh for the case of fossil-based systems. However, the increased cost of initial investment in solar PV systems deployment starts to be economically justified after producing 41,437 KWh.

scholarly journals A Critical Appraisal of PV-Systems’ Performance

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Zainab Usman ◽  
Joseph Tah ◽  
Henry Abanda ◽  
Charles Nche
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
And Performance

Climate change and global warming have triggered a global increase in the use of renewable energy for various purposes. In recent years, the photovoltaic (PV)-system has become one of the most popular renewable energy technologies that captures solar energy for different applications. Despite its popularity, its adoption is still facing enormous challenges, especially in developing countries. Experience from research and practice has revealed that installed PV-systems significantly underperform. This has been one of the major barriers to PV-system adoption, yet it has received very little attention. The poor performance of installed PV-systems means they do not generate the required electric energy output they have been designed to produce. Performance assessment parameters such as performance yields and performance ratio (PR) help to provide mathematical accounts of the expected energy output of PV-systems. Many reasons have been advanced for the disparity in the performance of PV-systems. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the performance of installed PV-systems, such as geographical location, solar irradiance, dust, and shading. Other factors such as multiplicity of PV-system components in the market and the complexity of the permutations of these components, their types, efficiencies, and their different performance indicators are poorly understood, thus making it difficult to optimize the efficiency of the system as a whole. Furthermore, mathematical computations are presented to prove that the different design methods often used for the design of PV-systems lead to results with significant differences due to different assumptions often made early on. The methods for the design of PV-systems are critically appraised. There is a paucity of literature about the different methods of designing PV-systems, their disparities, and the outcomes of each method. The rationale behind this review is to analyze the variations in designs and offer far-reaching recommendations for future studies so that researchers can come up with more standardized design approaches.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of New Solar Photovoltaic System with Supercapacitor for Rural Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Romli ◽  
Rajprasad Kumar Rajkumar ◽  
Wong Yee Wan ◽  
Chong Lee Wai ◽  
Roselina Arelhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Battery State Of Charge ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic System

Countries like Malaysia have more that 70% of its population living in rural areas. Majority of these rural areas lie in regions where most villages do not have grid connected electricity. Renewable energy using photovoltaic (PV) panels offers an alternative and cost efficient solution that exploits the yearlong abundance of sunlight available in countries like Malaysia. The main problem with PV systems is the high maintenance costs in replacing batteries every few years which makes PV systems unattractive for rural areas. A full scale PV system, developed in Semenyih Malaysia, aims to increase battery lifetime and reduce maintenance costs by incorporating supercapacitors. The system was developed in a life-sized cabin to mimic a rural home. A programmable load is used to test the system with the load profile of a typical rural household usage. Experimental and simulation results show that the supercapacitor bank is able to reduce the stress on the battery by absorbing peak current surges. Results also show that the system is able to maintain a high battery state of charge during the entire day.Article History: Received June 17th 2016; Received in revised form August 16th 2016; Accepted Sept 10th 2016; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Fahmi, M.I., Rajkumar, R.,  Wong, Y.W., Chong, L.W., Arelhi, R., and Isa, D. (2016) The Effectiveness of New Solar Photovoltaic System with Supercapacitor for Rural Areas. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(3), 249-257.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.249-257

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