scholarly journals The Integrated Component-System Optimization of a Typical Thermal Management System by Combining Empirical and Heat Current Methods

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6347
Author(s):  
Junhong Hao ◽  
Youjun Zhang ◽  
Nian Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Heat Current ◽  
Component System ◽  
Minimum Pressure ◽  
Thermal Management System

Integration of modeling and optimization of a thermal management system simultaneously depends on heat transfer performance of the components and the topological characteristics of the system. This paper introduces a heat current method to construct the overall heat current layout of a typical double-loop thermal management system. We deduce the system heat transfer matrix as the whole system constraint based on the overall heat current layout. Moreover, we consider the influences of structural and operational parameters on the thermal hydraulic performances of each heat exchanger by combining the empirical correlations of the heat transfer and pressure drop. Finally, the minimum pressure drop is obtained by solving these optimal governing equations derived by the Lagrange multiplier method considering the physical constraints and operational conditions. The optimization results show that the minimum pressure drop reduces about 8.1% with the optimal allocation of mass flow rates of each fluid. Moreover, the impact analyses of structural and operating parameters and boundary conditions on the minimum and optimal allocation present that the combined empirical correlation-heat current method is feasible and significant for achieving integrated component-system modeling and optimization.

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Hybrid Al2O3:SiO2 Nanofluids in Cooling Plate of PEMFC

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-109
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq Idris ◽  
Irnie Azlin Zakaria ◽  
Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah ◽  
Wan Ahmad Najmi Wan Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Heat Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Cooling Plate ◽  
Thermal Management System

A Proton Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is considered to be a viable alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) in automotive applications due to the key advantages in thermal management system. The main duty of thermal management system is to maintain the desirable temperature, with a uniform temperature distribution across the stack and.its.individual membranes. In this paper, the thermal enhancement of a PEMFC cooling plate was analysed and presented. The hybrid Al₂O₃:SiO₂ was used as coolant in distributor cooling plate. The study focuses on water based 0.5% volume concentration of single Al₂O₃ , single SiO₂ nanofluids, hybrid Al₂O₃:SiO nanofluids with mixture ratio of 10:90, 20:80, 50:50, 60:40 and 90:10. The effect of different ratios of nanofluids to heat transfer enhancement and fluid flow in Reynold number range of 400 to 2000 was observed. A 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) was developed based on distributor cooling plates using Ansys 16.0. Positive heat transfer enhancement was obtained where the 10:90 Al₂O₃:SiO₂ nanofluids has the highest heat transfer coefficient as compared to other nanofluids used. However, all nanofluids experienced higher pressure drop. Therefore, the advantage ratio was used to analyze the effect of both heat transfer enhancements and pressure drop demerits for nanofluids adoption. The results concluded that 10:90 Al₂O₃:SiO₂ hybrid nanofluid is the most feasible candidate up to fluid flow of Re1000. The positive results implied that hybrid Al₂O₃:SiO₂ nanofluids do improve the single nanofluids behaviour and has a better potential for future applications in PEMFC thermal management.

scholarly journals Predicting unsteady heat transfer effect of vehicle thermal management system using steady velocity equivalent method

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110259
Author(s):  
Xiao Guoquan ◽  
Wang Huaming ◽  
Chen Lin ◽  
Hong Xiaobin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Unsteady Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Equivalent Method ◽  
Steady Velocity

In the process of vehicle development, the unsteady simulation of thermal management system is very important. A 3D-CFD calculation model of vehicle thermal management is established, and simulations were undertaken for uphill with full loads operations condition. The steady results show that the surface heat transfer coefficient increases to the quadratic parabolic relationship. The unsteady results show that the pulsating temperatures of exhaust and external airflow are higher than about 50°C and lower than 10°C, respectively, and the heat dissipating capacities are higher than about 11%. Accordingly, the conversion equivalent exhaust velocity increased by 1.67%, and the temperature distribution trend is basically the same as unsteady results. The comparison results show that the difference in the under-hood should be not noted, and that the predicted exhaust system surface temperatures using steady velocity equivalent method are low less 10°C than the unsteady results. These results show the steady velocity equivalent method can be used to predict the unsteady heat transfer effect of vehicle thermal management system, and the results obtained by this method are basically consistent with the unsteady results. It will greatly save computing resources and shorten the cycle in the early development of the vehicle thermal management system.

scholarly journals Induction Heater Based Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5711
Author(s):  
Waseem Raza ◽  
Gwang Soo Ko ◽  
Youn Cheol Park
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Management System ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Induction Heater ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System

The life and efficiency of electric vehicle batteries are susceptible to temperature. The impact of cold climate dramatically decreases battery life, while at the same time increasing internal impedance. Thus, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is vital to heat and maintain temperature range if the electric vehicle’s batteries are operating in a cold climate. This paper presents an induction heater-based battery thermal management system that aims to ensure thermal safety and prolong the life cycle of Lithium-ion batteries (Li-Bs). This study used a standard simulation tool known as GT-Suite to simulate the behavior of the proposed BTMS. For the heat transfer, an indirect liquid heating method with variations in flow rate was considered between Lithium-ion batteries. The battery and cabin heating rate was analyzed using the induction heater powers of 2, 4, and 6 kW at ambient temperatures of −20, −10, and 0 °C. A water and ethylene glycol mixture with a ratio of 50:50 was considered as an operating fluid. The findings reveal that the thermal performance of the proposed system is generally increased by increasing the flow rate and affected by the induction heater capacity. It is evident that at −20 °C with 27 LPM and 6 kW heater capacity, the maximum heat transfer rate is 0.0661 °C/s, whereas the lowest is 0.0295 °C/s with 2 kW heater capacity. Furthermore, the proposed BTMS could be a practical approach and help to design the thermal system for electric vehicles in the future.

Battery Thermal Management System Design: Role of Influence of Nanofluids, Flow Directions, and Channels

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Srinivaas ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Akhil Garg ◽  
Xiongbin Peng ◽  
Liang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Management System ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Deviation ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries are currently being produced and used in large quantities in the automobile sector as a clean alternative to fossil fuels. The thermal behavior of the battery pack is a very important criterion, which is not only essential for safety but also has an equally important role in the capacity and life cycle of the batteries. The liquid battery thermal management system is a very efficient type of thermal management system, and mini-channel-based liquid cooling systems are one of the most popular type of the battery thermal management system and have been researched extensively. This paper mainly intends to study the effects of tapering, the addition of grooves to the channel, the use of different nanofluids, and the flow direction of coolant on the thermal performance of the battery pack using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. The results suggest that converging channels can be used to control the temperature rise, while diverging channels can be used to control the temperature deviation. The addition of grooves and the use of nanofluids were beneficial in reducing the temperature rise. The final setups were able to reduce the maximum temperature rise by 2.267 K with a substantial pressure drop increase and by 1.513 K with an increase in pressure drop of only 19.92%.

Optimization for Liquid Cooling Cylindrical Battery Thermal Management System Based on Gaussian Process Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Akhil Garg ◽  
Mi Xiao ◽  
Liang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System ◽  
Gp Model

Abstract The power of electric vehicles (EVs) comes from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are sensitive to temperature. Too high and too low temperatures will affect the performance and safety of EVs. Therefore, a stable and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for an EV. This article has conducted a comprehensive study on liquid-cooled BTMS. Two cooling schemes are designed: the serpentine channel and the U-shaped channel. The results show that the cooling effect of two schemes is roughly the same, but the U-shaped channel can significantly decrease the pressure drop (PD) loss. The U-shaped channel is parameterized and modeled. A machine learning method called the Gaussian process (GP) model has been used to express the outputs such as temperature difference, temperature standard deviation, and pressure drop. A multi-objective optimization model is established using GP models, and the NSGA-II method is employed to drive the optimization process. The optimized scheme is compared with the initial design. The main findings are summarized as follows: the velocity of cooling water v decreases from 0.3 m/s to 0.22 m/s by 26.67%. Pressure drop decreases from 431.40 Pa to 327.11 Pa by 24.18%. The optimized solution has a significant reduction in pressure drop and helps to reduce parasitic power. The proposed method can provide a useful guideline for the liquid cooling design of large-scale battery packs.

Influence of temperature and volume fraction on the thermophysical properties of CuO-R134a nano refrigerant and its application in battery thermal management system

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440892110158
Author(s):  
S Senthilraja ◽  
P Ravichandran ◽  
R Gangadevi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System ◽  
The Impact

The battery temperature is one of the important factor that affects the performance of the battery and lifetime. To overcome these issues, the need and usage of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is increased in recent years. The results of BTMS with conventional heat transfer fluids appears in many articles but the very few researchers developed and studied the performance of refrigerant based BTMS. In this research, a novel BTMS is developed and detailed study is conducted to analyze the impact of CuO based refrigerant (R134a) on its performance. Different quantity of CuO nanoparticles mixed with base refrigerant (R134a) and used as a heat transfer fluid. Initially, five different volume proportions (i.e. ɸ – 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05%) of CuO-R134a nano refrigerants are prepared and the thermophysical properties are studied. The test results reveal that the peak thermal conductivity and viscosity of about 1.28 W/mK and 0.00047 Pa-S is obtained for refrigerant with 0.05 vol.% CuO nanoparticle at 325 K and 300 K respectively. The average cell temperature of about 51 °C, 37 °C, 33 °C and 32 °C is observed for battery without cooling system, BTMS with R134a, 0.01% and 0.05% CuO/R134a respectively. From the results of this study, it can be suggested that the CuO- R134a nano refrigerant will be a promising cooling medium in the battery cooling system.

scholarly journals A Study of Variable Cell Spacings to the Heat Transfer Efficiency of Air-Cooling Battery Thermal Management System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11155
Author(s):  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Xiaolin Wang ◽  
Michael Negnevitsky
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System ◽  
Vertical Spacing

The air-cooling battery thermal management system has been widely adopted as the thermal management device for power accumulators on electric vehicles nowadays. To improve the system heat transfer coefficient with the minimum rise in cost, this study modified conventional rectangular cell arrangements for 21,700 cylindrical cell battery packs with two approaches: 1. increase the vertical spacings; 2. convert constant vertical spacings to gradient vertical spacings. The results show that smaller vertical spacings are beneficial to the overall cooling performances of the constant vertical spacings designs at almost all flow rates. The gradient vertical spacing design with larger spacing could deliver better temperature uniformity, while the one with smaller spacings could suppress the maximum temperature more efficiently at higher flow rates. However, the total battery pack volume of Design 7 (the largest gradient vertical spacing design) is 7.5% larger than the conventional design.

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